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228 hiatus heuristic’), and used as a pre-theoretical notion, thus enabling an investigation to proceed. hiatus (n.) A term used in phonetics and phonology to refer to two adjacent vowels belonging to different syllables. Examples include seeing, neo and way out. In such cases, the vowels are said to be ‘in hiatus’. hidden Markov model In automatic speech recognition, an approach which uses a spectral model of a word, viewed as a Markov model of the acoustic event (see Markov process). The pronunciation of a word, in all its variant forms, can be seen as a stochastic process: that is, in a sequence of events (pronunciation here being modelled as a sequence of ‘slices’ through a speech spectrogram), the probabilities at each step depend on the outcome of previous steps. Each time the process is applied to the word, it generates a slightly different acoustic specification, within the limits of the model. Once a speech recognizer has been provided with Markov models for the words it contains, it can use these to evaluate the properties of a fresh speech event. When someone speaks a word into the recognition system, the acoustic event can be treated as if it were the output of a ‘hidden’ Markov model. The output of the model is known (i.e. the event), but not the model itself (i.e. it is hidden), and the job of the recognizer is to reconstruct it. hierarchy (n.) A term derived from taxonomic studies and applied in linguistics to refer to any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels. Hierarchical structure can be illustrated from any branch of linguistics, e.g. the analysis of a sentence into immediate constituents, or the analysis of the lexicon into semantic fields of increasing specificity (as in Roget’s Thesaurus). The relationship of inclusion which is involved can be seen in analyses of linguistic structure where discourses are said to ‘consist of’ sentences, which in turn consist of clauses or phrases; these consist of words, which in turn consist of morphemes. The term has a special status in relational grammar, as part of the phrase ‘accessibility hierarchy’, and has also been used with reference to case grammar (‘case hierarchy’). In some models of non-linear phonology, the ‘prosodic hierarchy’ shows the relationship between mora, syllable, foot and word. See also Chomsky hierarchy, structure, sonority. hieratic /ha}vcrat}k/ (n.) see demotic high (adj.) (1) One of the features of sound set up by Chomsky and Halle (see Chomskyan) in their distinctive feature theory of phonology, to handle variations in place of articulation (cavity features). High sounds are a type of tongue-body feature, and defined articulatorily as those produced by raising the tongue above the level it holds in neutral position; close vowels and palatal/velar consonants are [+high]. Its opposite is non-high [−high] or low, referring to sounds produced without any such raising, as in open vowels and front consonants. (2) A term which describes the more formal variety in diglossia; opposed to ‘low’.
hocus-pocus 229 higher category A term used in generative grammar to refer to a category which is introduced earlier than a further instance of the same category in a tree-diagram representation. The first instance of the category is seen to be higher up the tree than the other instance(s). For example, in such sentences as the idea that the man will resign surprises me, the following (partial) tree might be used: S NP VP higher N S NP VP lower In this sentence, the ‘higher verb’ is surprise, and the ‘higher clause’ or ‘higher sentence’ is the idea surprises me. Alternative terms are matrix and ‘superordinate’. The usual term for the ‘lower’ verb/clause is embedded. high tone see tone (1) historic (adj.) see past historic historical dialect see dialect historical linguistics A branch of linguistics which studies the development of language and languages over time; also known as diachronic linguistics. The <strong>data</strong> of study are identical to that of comparative philology, viz. the extant records of older states of languages; but the methods and aims are not the same. Historical linguistics uses the methods of the various schools of synchronic linguistics (including sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics, especially in considering the reasons for language change). One thus encounters such subfields as ‘historical phonology/morphology/syntax’, etc. It also aims to relate its findings to general linguistic theory. historic(al) present In grammar, a term describing the use of a present tense form while narrating events which happened in the past; for example, Three weeks ago I’m walking down this road, when I see Smithers coming towards me . . . This usage is common in contexts where the speaker wishes to convey a sense of drama, immediacy or urgency. HMC see head movement constraint hocus-pocus (adj.) A phrase coined in the 1950s to characterize one of two extreme states of mind in a hypothetical linguist who sets up a description of
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A Dictionary of Linguistics and Pho
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A Dictionary of Linguistics and Pho
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Contents Preface to the Sixth Editi
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Preface to the Sixth Edition vii di
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Preface to the Sixth Edition ix lan
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Acknowledgements For the first edit
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List of Abbreviations Term Gloss Re
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List of Abbreviations xv DAF delaye
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List of Abbreviations xvii IE Indo-
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List of Abbreviations xix part, PAR
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List of Abbreviations xxi UTAH unif
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List of Symbols xxiii * asterisk; s
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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2 A-binding abessive’) is found i
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4 accentology of its syllables: one
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6 accessible accessible (adj.) see
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8 acquire fundamental frequency of
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10 actualization actualization (n.)
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12 adjoin class in English (and sim
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14 adultocentric linguistic area. A
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16 affixal morphology are a type of
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18 AGR AGR /caìv/ see agreement ag
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20 allegro with illative, adessive
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22 alternative set usual symbol for
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24 anacoluthon greater the intensit
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26 anchor vowels are also known as
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28 antiformant (2) The term is also
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30 aphesis aphesis /cafvs}s/ (n.),
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32 appropriateness appropriateness
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34 arity other term to the predicat
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36 articulator model airflow throug
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38 aspect aspect (n.) (asp) A categ
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40 assimilatory Several types of as
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42 asymmetric rhythmic theory man d
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44 auditory phonetics and John MacD
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46 auxiliary linear arrangement of
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B baby-talk (n.) see child-directed
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50 barrier barrier (n.) A term used
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52 benefactive anticipate the devel
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54 binarity binarity, binarism (n.)
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56 bivalent phones, and vice versa
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58 Bloomfieldianism Bloomfieldianis
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60 bow-wow theory bow-wow theory Th
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62 branching quantifiers branching
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C C An abbreviation in government-b
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66 caregiver/caretaker speech VOWEL
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68 cataphora used with an objective
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70 causative cause and effect leadi
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72 CHAIN (2) In government-binding
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74 checking in a short time interva
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76 Chomsky hierarchy and psychologi
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78 classification classification (n
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80 cline [!] formerly [t], and late
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82 coalesce in syllables in English
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84 cognise a cognate subject-verb-o
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86 collapse elements belonging to t
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88 comment term ‘command’, but
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90 communication science that langu
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92 competence lengthened when a syl
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94 complete assimilation complete a
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96 componential analysis the streng
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98 concatenate take into account th
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100 condition on extraction domains
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102 connection connection (n.) A te
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104 conspire conspire (v.) see cons
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106 constraint demotion algorithm L
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108 contact assimilation restricted
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110 contextualize semantics. Contex
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112 contrary that John has not gone
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114 conversational turn conversatio
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116 copula copula (n.) A term used
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118 corpus-internal/-external evide
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120 counter-agent much information.
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122 creativity such as Oh I don’t
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124 cross-sectional co-referential.
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126 cycle phrase-marker (the first
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D dangling participle In traditiona
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130 deadjectival such as ∃(e[hit(
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132 default default (n.) The applic
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134 delayed delayed (adj.) One of t
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136 denotation example, in the gard
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138 dependent relation holds betwee
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140 descriptive adequacy/grammar/li
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142 diachronic [ai] etc.; a diamorp
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144 dialectalization particular pro
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146 diphthong has also been called
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148 discourse argues that languages
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150 disharmony signal can be analys
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152 distinctiveness for particular
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154 distributed representation dist
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156 donkey sentence and N are direc
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158 downward entailing generally as
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160 dynamic linguistics/phonetics/p
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162 ecological linguistics cultural
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164 egressive egressive (adj.) A te
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166 elision elision (n.) A term use
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168 empiricism empiricism (n.) An a
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170 entrench follows from (is entai
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172 equi NP deletion equative sente
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174 état de langue the increased u
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176 evaluative (periodicity), such
Page 204 and 205: 178 exhaustiveness phonetics, the a
Page 206 and 207: 180 exponence exponence (n.) A conc
Page 208 and 209: 182 extralinguistic it is possible
Page 210 and 211: F face (n.) In pragmatics and inter
Page 212 and 213: 186 fatherese remote degree of rela
Page 214 and 215: 188 felicity conditions felicity co
Page 216 and 217: 190 finite automata independent sen
Page 218 and 219: 192 flat flat (adj.) (1) A term use
Page 220 and 221: 194 FOOTBIN FOOTBIN (n.) In optimal
Page 222 and 223: 196 formant formant (n.) (F) A term
Page 224 and 225: 198 free used to specify the range
Page 226 and 227: 200 front /r/ is often articulated
Page 228 and 229: 202 functional application/composit
Page 230 and 231: 204 fusion component in a complex s
Page 232 and 233: 206 gemination gemination (n.) A te
Page 234 and 235: 208 generalized quantifier theory s
Page 236 and 237: 210 genitive genitive (adj./n.) (ge
Page 238 and 239: 212 gliding vowel gliding vowel see
Page 240 and 241: 214 goal different university centr
Page 242 and 243: 216 government theory government an
Page 244 and 245: 218 grammar induction term traditio
Page 246 and 247: 220 grapheme grapheme (n.) The mini
Page 248 and 249: 222 ground noun ground noun see gri
Page 250 and 251: 224 hapax legomenon hapax legomenon
Page 252 and 253: 226 head-driven phrase-structure gr
Page 256 and 257: 230 hodiernal linguistic data; oppo
Page 258 and 259: 232 horizontal grouping/splitting h
Page 260 and 261: I iamb (n.) A traditional term in m
Page 262 and 263: 236 idiom idiom (n.) A term used in
Page 264 and 265: 238 imperfect tense imperfect tense
Page 266 and 267: 240 inclusive given an excluding in
Page 268 and 269: 242 indicative has come to be known
Page 270 and 271: 244 inflectional language (2) (INFL
Page 272 and 273: 246 inheritance inheritance (n.) A
Page 274 and 275: 248 instrumental and business. As o
Page 276 and 277: 250 interlingua view, phonology wou
Page 278 and 279: 252 interruptibility interruptibili
Page 280 and 281: 254 invariable in generative gramma
Page 282 and 283: 256 isogloss intervals throughout a
Page 284 and 285: J Jakobsonian (adj.) Characteristic
Page 286 and 287: K Katz-Postal hypothesis A proposed
Page 288 and 289: 262 knowledge about language knowle
Page 290 and 291: 264 labio-velar for a labio-dental
Page 292 and 293: 266 language acquisition device of
Page 294 and 295: 268 language minority in the USA);
Page 296 and 297: 270 last-cyclic rules former headin
Page 298 and 299: 272 learning language can in princi
Page 300 and 301: 274 lenis studied in terms of the n
Page 302 and 303: 276 level-skipping level-skipping (
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278 lexical retrieval ‘types’ i
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280 lexotactics are used to simplif
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282 linear precedence rule linear p
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284 linguistics recent and rapid, h
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286 lip-rounding lip-rounding see r
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288 locus case form (‘a locative
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290 loopback follows the course of
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M macrolinguistics (n.) A term used
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294 manner adverb(ial) features, so
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296 marker sentences illustrate thi
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298 maximal-command The student who
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300 meaning construction the impera
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302 meronymy to as ‘phonemic spli
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304 metrical phonology L3 L2 L1 x t
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306 minimal free form of go is Mary
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308 mixing mixing (n.) M-level (n.)
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310 modifier modification-head-qual
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312 Montague grammar Montague gramm
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314 morpheme-based morphology morph
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316 morphotactics morphotactics (n.
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318 multilingual the same set of fe
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N narrative (adj./n.) An applicatio
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322 nativism it as a second or fore
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324 negative concord (as in French
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326 neurological linguistics neurol
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328 noise The notion has achieved s
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330 non-definite non-definite (adj.
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332 non-sexist language table. Such
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334 noun incorporation are often de
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O object (n.) (O, Obj, OBJ) A term
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338 obsolete previous era, such as
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340 open The structure is ill forme
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342 opposition opposition (n.) A te
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344 order is introduced, correspond
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346 overt The notion of complete ov
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348 palato-alveolar whole of the up
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350 parametric phonetics (2) See pa
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352 particle The name comes from th
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354 past perfect past perfect see p
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356 perception perception (n.) The
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358 peripheral at the next level, h
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360 phatic communion during which t
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362 phoneme have as few as fifteen
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364 phonetic setting reflects the a
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366 phonostylistics both of which r
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368 phylogeny generative device. Ph
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370 pitch meter also been applied t
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372 plethysmograph (2) In the study
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374 polysyllable large proportion o
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376 positive (e.g. unsuccessful can
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378 postvocalic postvocalic (adj.)
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380 Prague School to do with narrat
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382 predicate calculus fixed number
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384 prerequisites prerequisites (n.
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386 primitive primitive (adj./n.) A
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388 process procedures, of which th
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390 pro-form or pattern. A pattern
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392 prop relative pronouns, e.g. wh
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394 protasis unit, such as consonan
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396 psycholexicology interest, frig
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Q qualia structure /ckwe}l}v/, sing
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400 question produce such changes,
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402 rank classical TG subject-raisi
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404 reassociation taken together as
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406 recursively enumerable These ru
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408 referent referent (n.) A term u
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410 regular grammar the notion was
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412 relativized minimality relativi
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414 resonance resonance (n.) A term
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416 reversible reversible (adj.) se
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418 right dislocation right disloca
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420 root-and-pattern applies only t
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S S′ An abbreviation used in gene
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424 scansion by establishing four t
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426 segment segment (n.) A term use
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428 semanticity semanticity (n.) A
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430 semantic selection semantic sel
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432 semology that of a vowel; thoug
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434 serial relationship he will win
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436 sight translation a narrow, gro
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438 single-feature assimilation sin
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440 sluicing the sentence The child
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442 sonorant sonorant (adj./n.) (so
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444 space grammar (6) In the lingui
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446 speech act illocutionary force
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448 speech time acoustic or articul
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450 stability enriched by the inclu
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452 statistical universal the aim o
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454 stray system deals with an aspe
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456 stress-foot but in the phrase t
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458 structural ambiguity largely da
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460 stylistics stylistics (n.) A br
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462 subjective subjective (adj.) su
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464 substratum superiority, as can
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466 supplementary movements supplem
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468 syllable produce consonants. Th
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470 syndeton synchronically to refe
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472 synthesis examples: syntactical
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474 systematic phonetics systematic
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476 tactic the fact that their intu
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478 taxis relationship. Combination
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480 tensed Tense forms (i.e. variat
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482 text deixis the text in which t
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484 theolinguistics theolinguistics
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486 tonal polarity tonal polarity s
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488 tonogenesis on the meaning inte
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490 transcription literary excellen
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492 transformation (where be is a f
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494 transitivity transitivity (n.)
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496 triadic triadic (adj.) A term u
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498 truth value functions which map
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U ultimate constituent (UC) A term
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502 unfooted binary feature matrice
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504 universal universal (adj./n.) A
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506 uvular But it has proved very d
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508 valley valley (n.) see peak, sy
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510 velaric A loose auditory label
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512 vertical grouping/splitting wor
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514 vocal lips (2) In phonetics, a
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516 voice qualifier sometimes made
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518 vowel shift vowel shift see sou
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520 weak generative capacity weak g
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522 word different structural types
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524 word grammar In a more restrict
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526 X-tier X-tier (n.) A term used
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Z zero (adj./n.) A term used in som
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