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List of Symbols xxiii * asterisk; star constraint violation asterisk (6) – bar type of phrasal category bar [ ] bracket notation enclose elements to be bracketing (c) horizontally matched < > brackets, angle enclose graphemes allo- < > brackets, angle interdependency between bracketing (d) optional features { } brackets, curly; enclose alternative bracketing (b), braces elements conjunctive { } brackets, curly; enclose morphemes morpheme braces { } brackets, curly; enclose morphophonemes morphophoneme braces ( ) brackets, round; enclose optional elements bracketing (2a) parentheses / / brackets, slash; enclose phonemes bracketing (3) slashes [ ] brackets, square enclose distinctive features bracketing (3) [ ] brackets, square enclose phonetic segments bracketing (3) [ ] brackets, square enclose structural units in bracketing (1) a string [ ] brackets, square enclose syntactic features bracketing (4) [ ] brackets, square enclose semantic features bracketing (4) . breve unstressed foot foot (1) O circle [round a not associated association line segment] ° circle, subscript devoicing, voicelessness voice ^ circumflex rising-falling nucleus (1) p colon long consonant length x cross grid placeholder metrical grid × cross deletion association line × cross unspecified segment skeletal tier — dash location of element in context (1) a string ∆ delta empty element delta = double bar type of phrasal category bar = double line deletion association line ! exclamation mark non-optimal candidate tableau ` grave indicates a particular diacritic consonant pronunciation ` grave falling tone nucleus (1) ∨ hacek indicates a particular diacritic consonant pronunciation ∨ hacek falling-rising tone nucleus (1) + hand optimal candidate tableau # hash; double cross string boundary boundary-symbol # hash; double cross terminal juncture juncture (1) λ lambda wavelength lambda (2) λ lambda type of logical operator lambda (1)
xxiv List of Symbols Term Name Gloss Relevant entry b ligature, high is concatenated with concatenation . ligature, low coarticulation coarticulation —— line existing association association line ------ line, broken structural change association line – macron level tone nucleus (1) – macron bar binding − minus negative binary feature binary feature µ mu moraic level mora % percentage tone associates with edge percentage syllable of a phrase symbol (1) % percentage variation in acceptability percentage symbol (2) + plus element boundary boundary-symbol + plus positive binary feature binary feature + plus plus juncture juncture (1) ′ prime single-bar category bar ″ prime, double double-bar category bar ? question mark marginally acceptable, acceptability marginally grammatical Σ sigma, capital superfoot superfoot Σ sigma, capital sentence initial symbol σ sigma, small foot, syllable head / slash, forward in the context of context (1) / slash, forward single-bar juncture juncture (1) // slash, forward double-bar juncture juncture (1) double ~ tilde contrasts in one dialect dia- ~ tilde links alternants alternation ~ tilde [above nasalization nasal symbol] ~ tilde [through pharyngealization pharyngeal symbol] ≈ tilde, double contrasts in more than diaone dialect ∏ zero zero morph morpheme
Page 2 and 3: A Dictionary of Linguistics and Pho
Page 4 and 5: A Dictionary of Linguistics and Pho
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface to the Sixth Editi
Page 8 and 9: Preface to the Sixth Edition vii di
Page 10 and 11: Preface to the Sixth Edition ix lan
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements For the first edit
Page 14 and 15: List of Abbreviations Term Gloss Re
Page 16 and 17: List of Abbreviations xv DAF delaye
Page 18 and 19: List of Abbreviations xvii IE Indo-
Page 20 and 21: List of Abbreviations xix part, PAR
Page 22 and 23: List of Abbreviations xxi UTAH unif
Page 26 and 27: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 28 and 29: 2 A-binding abessive’) is found i
Page 30 and 31: 4 accentology of its syllables: one
Page 32 and 33: 6 accessible accessible (adj.) see
Page 34 and 35: 8 acquire fundamental frequency of
Page 36 and 37: 10 actualization actualization (n.)
Page 38 and 39: 12 adjoin class in English (and sim
Page 40 and 41: 14 adultocentric linguistic area. A
Page 42 and 43: 16 affixal morphology are a type of
Page 44 and 45: 18 AGR AGR /caìv/ see agreement ag
Page 46 and 47: 20 allegro with illative, adessive
Page 48 and 49: 22 alternative set usual symbol for
Page 50 and 51: 24 anacoluthon greater the intensit
Page 52 and 53: 26 anchor vowels are also known as
Page 54 and 55: 28 antiformant (2) The term is also
Page 56 and 57: 30 aphesis aphesis /cafvs}s/ (n.),
Page 58 and 59: 32 appropriateness appropriateness
Page 60 and 61: 34 arity other term to the predicat
Page 62 and 63: 36 articulator model airflow throug
Page 64 and 65: 38 aspect aspect (n.) (asp) A categ
Page 66 and 67: 40 assimilatory Several types of as
Page 68 and 69: 42 asymmetric rhythmic theory man d
Page 70 and 71: 44 auditory phonetics and John MacD
Page 72 and 73: 46 auxiliary linear arrangement of
Page 74 and 75:
B baby-talk (n.) see child-directed
Page 76 and 77:
50 barrier barrier (n.) A term used
Page 78 and 79:
52 benefactive anticipate the devel
Page 80 and 81:
54 binarity binarity, binarism (n.)
Page 82 and 83:
56 bivalent phones, and vice versa
Page 84 and 85:
58 Bloomfieldianism Bloomfieldianis
Page 86 and 87:
60 bow-wow theory bow-wow theory Th
Page 88 and 89:
62 branching quantifiers branching
Page 90 and 91:
C C An abbreviation in government-b
Page 92 and 93:
66 caregiver/caretaker speech VOWEL
Page 94 and 95:
68 cataphora used with an objective
Page 96 and 97:
70 causative cause and effect leadi
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72 CHAIN (2) In government-binding
Page 100 and 101:
74 checking in a short time interva
Page 102 and 103:
76 Chomsky hierarchy and psychologi
Page 104 and 105:
78 classification classification (n
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80 cline [!] formerly [t], and late
Page 108 and 109:
82 coalesce in syllables in English
Page 110 and 111:
84 cognise a cognate subject-verb-o
Page 112 and 113:
86 collapse elements belonging to t
Page 114 and 115:
88 comment term ‘command’, but
Page 116 and 117:
90 communication science that langu
Page 118 and 119:
92 competence lengthened when a syl
Page 120 and 121:
94 complete assimilation complete a
Page 122 and 123:
96 componential analysis the streng
Page 124 and 125:
98 concatenate take into account th
Page 126 and 127:
100 condition on extraction domains
Page 128 and 129:
102 connection connection (n.) A te
Page 130 and 131:
104 conspire conspire (v.) see cons
Page 132 and 133:
106 constraint demotion algorithm L
Page 134 and 135:
108 contact assimilation restricted
Page 136 and 137:
110 contextualize semantics. Contex
Page 138 and 139:
112 contrary that John has not gone
Page 140 and 141:
114 conversational turn conversatio
Page 142 and 143:
116 copula copula (n.) A term used
Page 144 and 145:
118 corpus-internal/-external evide
Page 146 and 147:
120 counter-agent much information.
Page 148 and 149:
122 creativity such as Oh I don’t
Page 150 and 151:
124 cross-sectional co-referential.
Page 152 and 153:
126 cycle phrase-marker (the first
Page 154 and 155:
D dangling participle In traditiona
Page 156 and 157:
130 deadjectival such as ∃(e[hit(
Page 158 and 159:
132 default default (n.) The applic
Page 160 and 161:
134 delayed delayed (adj.) One of t
Page 162 and 163:
136 denotation example, in the gard
Page 164 and 165:
138 dependent relation holds betwee
Page 166 and 167:
140 descriptive adequacy/grammar/li
Page 168 and 169:
142 diachronic [ai] etc.; a diamorp
Page 170 and 171:
144 dialectalization particular pro
Page 172 and 173:
146 diphthong has also been called
Page 174 and 175:
148 discourse argues that languages
Page 176 and 177:
150 disharmony signal can be analys
Page 178 and 179:
152 distinctiveness for particular
Page 180 and 181:
154 distributed representation dist
Page 182 and 183:
156 donkey sentence and N are direc
Page 184 and 185:
158 downward entailing generally as
Page 186 and 187:
160 dynamic linguistics/phonetics/p
Page 188 and 189:
162 ecological linguistics cultural
Page 190 and 191:
164 egressive egressive (adj.) A te
Page 192 and 193:
166 elision elision (n.) A term use
Page 194 and 195:
168 empiricism empiricism (n.) An a
Page 196 and 197:
170 entrench follows from (is entai
Page 198 and 199:
172 equi NP deletion equative sente
Page 200 and 201:
174 état de langue the increased u
Page 202 and 203:
176 evaluative (periodicity), such
Page 204 and 205:
178 exhaustiveness phonetics, the a
Page 206 and 207:
180 exponence exponence (n.) A conc
Page 208 and 209:
182 extralinguistic it is possible
Page 210 and 211:
F face (n.) In pragmatics and inter
Page 212 and 213:
186 fatherese remote degree of rela
Page 214 and 215:
188 felicity conditions felicity co
Page 216 and 217:
190 finite automata independent sen
Page 218 and 219:
192 flat flat (adj.) (1) A term use
Page 220 and 221:
194 FOOTBIN FOOTBIN (n.) In optimal
Page 222 and 223:
196 formant formant (n.) (F) A term
Page 224 and 225:
198 free used to specify the range
Page 226 and 227:
200 front /r/ is often articulated
Page 228 and 229:
202 functional application/composit
Page 230 and 231:
204 fusion component in a complex s
Page 232 and 233:
206 gemination gemination (n.) A te
Page 234 and 235:
208 generalized quantifier theory s
Page 236 and 237:
210 genitive genitive (adj./n.) (ge
Page 238 and 239:
212 gliding vowel gliding vowel see
Page 240 and 241:
214 goal different university centr
Page 242 and 243:
216 government theory government an
Page 244 and 245:
218 grammar induction term traditio
Page 246 and 247:
220 grapheme grapheme (n.) The mini
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222 ground noun ground noun see gri
Page 250 and 251:
224 hapax legomenon hapax legomenon
Page 252 and 253:
226 head-driven phrase-structure gr
Page 254 and 255:
228 hiatus heuristic’), and used
Page 256 and 257:
230 hodiernal linguistic data; oppo
Page 258 and 259:
232 horizontal grouping/splitting h
Page 260 and 261:
I iamb (n.) A traditional term in m
Page 262 and 263:
236 idiom idiom (n.) A term used in
Page 264 and 265:
238 imperfect tense imperfect tense
Page 266 and 267:
240 inclusive given an excluding in
Page 268 and 269:
242 indicative has come to be known
Page 270 and 271:
244 inflectional language (2) (INFL
Page 272 and 273:
246 inheritance inheritance (n.) A
Page 274 and 275:
248 instrumental and business. As o
Page 276 and 277:
250 interlingua view, phonology wou
Page 278 and 279:
252 interruptibility interruptibili
Page 280 and 281:
254 invariable in generative gramma
Page 282 and 283:
256 isogloss intervals throughout a
Page 284 and 285:
J Jakobsonian (adj.) Characteristic
Page 286 and 287:
K Katz-Postal hypothesis A proposed
Page 288 and 289:
262 knowledge about language knowle
Page 290 and 291:
264 labio-velar for a labio-dental
Page 292 and 293:
266 language acquisition device of
Page 294 and 295:
268 language minority in the USA);
Page 296 and 297:
270 last-cyclic rules former headin
Page 298 and 299:
272 learning language can in princi
Page 300 and 301:
274 lenis studied in terms of the n
Page 302 and 303:
276 level-skipping level-skipping (
Page 304 and 305:
278 lexical retrieval ‘types’ i
Page 306 and 307:
280 lexotactics are used to simplif
Page 308 and 309:
282 linear precedence rule linear p
Page 310 and 311:
284 linguistics recent and rapid, h
Page 312 and 313:
286 lip-rounding lip-rounding see r
Page 314 and 315:
288 locus case form (‘a locative
Page 316 and 317:
290 loopback follows the course of
Page 318 and 319:
M macrolinguistics (n.) A term used
Page 320 and 321:
294 manner adverb(ial) features, so
Page 322 and 323:
296 marker sentences illustrate thi
Page 324 and 325:
298 maximal-command The student who
Page 326 and 327:
300 meaning construction the impera
Page 328 and 329:
302 meronymy to as ‘phonemic spli
Page 330 and 331:
304 metrical phonology L3 L2 L1 x t
Page 332 and 333:
306 minimal free form of go is Mary
Page 334 and 335:
308 mixing mixing (n.) M-level (n.)
Page 336 and 337:
310 modifier modification-head-qual
Page 338 and 339:
312 Montague grammar Montague gramm
Page 340 and 341:
314 morpheme-based morphology morph
Page 342 and 343:
316 morphotactics morphotactics (n.
Page 344 and 345:
318 multilingual the same set of fe
Page 346 and 347:
N narrative (adj./n.) An applicatio
Page 348 and 349:
322 nativism it as a second or fore
Page 350 and 351:
324 negative concord (as in French
Page 352 and 353:
326 neurological linguistics neurol
Page 354 and 355:
328 noise The notion has achieved s
Page 356 and 357:
330 non-definite non-definite (adj.
Page 358 and 359:
332 non-sexist language table. Such
Page 360 and 361:
334 noun incorporation are often de
Page 362 and 363:
O object (n.) (O, Obj, OBJ) A term
Page 364 and 365:
338 obsolete previous era, such as
Page 366 and 367:
340 open The structure is ill forme
Page 368 and 369:
342 opposition opposition (n.) A te
Page 370 and 371:
344 order is introduced, correspond
Page 372 and 373:
346 overt The notion of complete ov
Page 374 and 375:
348 palato-alveolar whole of the up
Page 376 and 377:
350 parametric phonetics (2) See pa
Page 378 and 379:
352 particle The name comes from th
Page 380 and 381:
354 past perfect past perfect see p
Page 382 and 383:
356 perception perception (n.) The
Page 384 and 385:
358 peripheral at the next level, h
Page 386 and 387:
360 phatic communion during which t
Page 388 and 389:
362 phoneme have as few as fifteen
Page 390 and 391:
364 phonetic setting reflects the a
Page 392 and 393:
366 phonostylistics both of which r
Page 394 and 395:
368 phylogeny generative device. Ph
Page 396 and 397:
370 pitch meter also been applied t
Page 398 and 399:
372 plethysmograph (2) In the study
Page 400 and 401:
374 polysyllable large proportion o
Page 402 and 403:
376 positive (e.g. unsuccessful can
Page 404 and 405:
378 postvocalic postvocalic (adj.)
Page 406 and 407:
380 Prague School to do with narrat
Page 408 and 409:
382 predicate calculus fixed number
Page 410 and 411:
384 prerequisites prerequisites (n.
Page 412 and 413:
386 primitive primitive (adj./n.) A
Page 414 and 415:
388 process procedures, of which th
Page 416 and 417:
390 pro-form or pattern. A pattern
Page 418 and 419:
392 prop relative pronouns, e.g. wh
Page 420 and 421:
394 protasis unit, such as consonan
Page 422 and 423:
396 psycholexicology interest, frig
Page 424 and 425:
Q qualia structure /ckwe}l}v/, sing
Page 426 and 427:
400 question produce such changes,
Page 428 and 429:
402 rank classical TG subject-raisi
Page 430 and 431:
404 reassociation taken together as
Page 432 and 433:
406 recursively enumerable These ru
Page 434 and 435:
408 referent referent (n.) A term u
Page 436 and 437:
410 regular grammar the notion was
Page 438 and 439:
412 relativized minimality relativi
Page 440 and 441:
414 resonance resonance (n.) A term
Page 442 and 443:
416 reversible reversible (adj.) se
Page 444 and 445:
418 right dislocation right disloca
Page 446 and 447:
420 root-and-pattern applies only t
Page 448 and 449:
S S′ An abbreviation used in gene
Page 450 and 451:
424 scansion by establishing four t
Page 452 and 453:
426 segment segment (n.) A term use
Page 454 and 455:
428 semanticity semanticity (n.) A
Page 456 and 457:
430 semantic selection semantic sel
Page 458 and 459:
432 semology that of a vowel; thoug
Page 460 and 461:
434 serial relationship he will win
Page 462 and 463:
436 sight translation a narrow, gro
Page 464 and 465:
438 single-feature assimilation sin
Page 466 and 467:
440 sluicing the sentence The child
Page 468 and 469:
442 sonorant sonorant (adj./n.) (so
Page 470 and 471:
444 space grammar (6) In the lingui
Page 472 and 473:
446 speech act illocutionary force
Page 474 and 475:
448 speech time acoustic or articul
Page 476 and 477:
450 stability enriched by the inclu
Page 478 and 479:
452 statistical universal the aim o
Page 480 and 481:
454 stray system deals with an aspe
Page 482 and 483:
456 stress-foot but in the phrase t
Page 484 and 485:
458 structural ambiguity largely da
Page 486 and 487:
460 stylistics stylistics (n.) A br
Page 488 and 489:
462 subjective subjective (adj.) su
Page 490 and 491:
464 substratum superiority, as can
Page 492 and 493:
466 supplementary movements supplem
Page 494 and 495:
468 syllable produce consonants. Th
Page 496 and 497:
470 syndeton synchronically to refe
Page 498 and 499:
472 synthesis examples: syntactical
Page 500 and 501:
474 systematic phonetics systematic
Page 502 and 503:
476 tactic the fact that their intu
Page 504 and 505:
478 taxis relationship. Combination
Page 506 and 507:
480 tensed Tense forms (i.e. variat
Page 508 and 509:
482 text deixis the text in which t
Page 510 and 511:
484 theolinguistics theolinguistics
Page 512 and 513:
486 tonal polarity tonal polarity s
Page 514 and 515:
488 tonogenesis on the meaning inte
Page 516 and 517:
490 transcription literary excellen
Page 518 and 519:
492 transformation (where be is a f
Page 520 and 521:
494 transitivity transitivity (n.)
Page 522 and 523:
496 triadic triadic (adj.) A term u
Page 524 and 525:
498 truth value functions which map
Page 526 and 527:
U ultimate constituent (UC) A term
Page 528 and 529:
502 unfooted binary feature matrice
Page 530 and 531:
504 universal universal (adj./n.) A
Page 532 and 533:
506 uvular But it has proved very d
Page 534 and 535:
508 valley valley (n.) see peak, sy
Page 536 and 537:
510 velaric A loose auditory label
Page 538 and 539:
512 vertical grouping/splitting wor
Page 540 and 541:
514 vocal lips (2) In phonetics, a
Page 542 and 543:
516 voice qualifier sometimes made
Page 544 and 545:
518 vowel shift vowel shift see sou
Page 546 and 547:
520 weak generative capacity weak g
Page 548 and 549:
522 word different structural types
Page 550 and 551:
524 word grammar In a more restrict
Page 552 and 553:
526 X-tier X-tier (n.) A term used
Page 554 and 555:
Z zero (adj./n.) A term used in som
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