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100 condition on extraction domains (CED)<br />

condition on extraction domains (CED) A proposed condition in governmentbinding<br />

theory restricting the class of domains from which constituents<br />

may be moved: no constituent may be extracted out of a domain which is not<br />

properly governed. Non-properly governed positions in English include adjuncts<br />

and subject positions. An example is the ‘adjunct condition’, which prohibits<br />

movement out of adjuncts: from a sentence such as You made a high score<br />

during which match? the condition would forbid *Which match did you make a<br />

high score during?<br />

configuration (n.) (1) A term used to refer to the standard model of generative<br />

grammar, seen in contrast with relational theories of grammar. In a<br />

configurational approach, phrase-markers are seen as clusters (‘configurations’)<br />

of syntactic categories, arranged in linear order.<br />

(2) The term is also used generally in linguistics and phonetics for any<br />

formally identifiable arrangement of elements. It has been used, for example,<br />

with reference to the sequence of tones which constitute an intonation contour<br />

(a ‘tonal configuration’) and to the set of syntactic functions which<br />

depend upon a particular verb, as in case grammar (a ‘configuration of cases’).<br />

See also automaton.<br />

configurational languages Languages with fairly fixed word-order and hierarchical<br />

constituent structure, e.g. English and Hebrew. Such languages are<br />

contrasted with non-configurational languages. Both types have received a<br />

great deal of attention in government-binding theory as subject to parametric<br />

variation. However, the typology is not unequivocally accepted.<br />

congruence (n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to a correspondence between<br />

the decisions made at one level of analysis (phonology, grammar or semantics)<br />

and those made at another. The sentence is the unit where there is<br />

maximum congruence of levels, in that criteria of identification at each level<br />

tend to coincide: certain classes of exception aside, a sentence is a grammatically,<br />

semantically and phonologically autonomous unit. The notion of word,<br />

by contrast, displays less congruence (‘is less congruent’): phonological (and<br />

orthographic), morphological, syntactic and semantic criteria often conflict<br />

in word identification and classification.<br />

congruity (n.)<br />

see pattern<br />

conjoined (adj.) A term used especially in generative grammar to refer to<br />

a construction where two or more sentences, phrases or words are<br />

co-ordinated. Conjoining processes are distinct from embedding ones.<br />

The units are conjoined using such items as and and but, as in The man fed<br />

the cat and the lady fed the dog. The linked units are sometimes described as<br />

conjoint.<br />

conjugation (n.) In grammar, a traditional term for a class of verbs in an<br />

inflecting language which occur with the same range of forms. Latin verbs,<br />

for example, belonged to four conjugations. Forms of the ‘first conjugation’, for<br />

example, were traditionally illustrated using the verb amare (‘to love’), which in

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