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478 taxis
relationship. Combinations of taxemes, occurring as a conventional grammatical
unit, are tactic forms (see taxis). Taxemes are distinguished in this approach
from tagmemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of grammatical form.
taxis (n.) A general term used in phonetics and linguistics to refer to the
systematic arrangements of units in linear sequence at any linguistic level.
The commonest terms based on this notion are: phonotactics, dealing with the
sequential arrangements of sounds; morphotactics with morphemes; and syntactics
with higher grammatical units than the morpheme. Some linguistic theories
give this dimension of analysis particular importance (e.g. stratificational
grammar, where several levels of tactic organization are recognized, corresponding
to the strata set up by the theory, viz. ‘hypophonotactics’, ‘phonotactics’,
‘morphotactics’, ‘lexotactics’, ‘semotactics’ and ‘hypersemotactics’). See also
harmonic phonology.
taxonomic (adj.) An application of the general sense of this term in biosystematics,
to refer to an approach to linguistic analysis and description which
is predominantly or exclusively concerned with classification. The basis of
classification may be diachronic, areal, typological, functional, etc., and
the entities being classified may be linguistic features, items, units, structures
– or whole varieties, dialects or languages. The notion of taxonomy
has been fruitfully applied in many areas of linguistics (sociolinguistics, historical
linguistics, semantics and computational linguistics in particular).
The limitations of a taxonomic approach in linguistic analysis have, however,
been emphasized by generative linguists, who have criticized the overreliance
of structuralist (or ‘taxonomic’) linguistics on procedures of segmentation
and classification. In particular, the use of this label is intended to indicate
the inability of structural linguistics to provide a level of explanation in terms
of deep structure. Such phrases as ‘taxonomic phonology’, ‘taxonomic
syntax’, etc., when used in generative linguistics, invariably have a pejorative
implication.
teaching grammar see grammar (2)
telegrammatic speech
see telegraphic speech
telegraphic speech A style of speech production in which function words
and inflectional endings tend to be omitted; earlier, also called telegrammatic
speech. The term derives from the written style used in the days when pay-bythe-word
telegrams were a common method of communication (Send cheque
Brighton), and is still used to describe any elliptical written style (e.g. in
newspaper headlines or want-ads); but in linguistics it is more commonly
encountered in relation to the sentence structures found in young children’s
speech (me kick ball) and the reduced range of grammatical expression typical
of one form of aphasia (see agrammatism).
telic (adj.) A term used in the grammatical analysis of aspect, to refer to an
event where the activity has a clear terminal point. Telic verbs include fall, kick,
and make (something). These verbs contrast with atelic verbs, where the event