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association (n.) The general senses of this term are often found in linguistic discussion
– the non-linguistic feelings (see connotation) which a lexical item
gives rise to, or the range of psychologically connected items which come to mind
(i.e. the word associations or sense associations). Some linguists have used the
term with a more restricted definition, however. For example, the Saussurean
conception of paradigmatic relationships was referred to as associative relations.
Some linguists use the term associative field (or association group) to refer
to a set of lexical items which display a specific similarity of form or sense.
association convention
see association line
association line A term used in non-linear phonology for a line drawn
between units on different levels. The notion has been especially developed as
a means of linking tiers in autosegmental phonology. From a phonetic
viewpoint, these lines represent temporal simultaneity (or overlap), indicating
the relationship in time between the features represented at each tier, such as
tones and vowels. Segments which associate between tiers are considered
freely associating segments; segments which do not freely associate would be
ignored, in the application of an autosegmental rule. Once an association line
has been established, the association convention is used to relate the remaining
features: when unassociated features (e.g. vowels and tones) appear on the same
side of an association line, they are automatically associated in a one-to-one
way, radiating outward from the association line. Unbroken association lines
indicate associations that already exist; broken association lines (- - - -) indicate
a structural change following a rule adding a new association. Association
lines in a given representation may not cross (the ‘no-crossing constraint’). An
‘X’ (or similar convention, such as =) through an association line indicates that
the line is to be deleted by a rule. A circle round a segment means that it is not
associated to any segment on the facing tier. For example, the diagram below
represents a shift in a high tone from the first vowel (in the input to the rule) to
the second.
V C V
×
H
Such shifts in association are known as reassociations. Multiple associations relate
a unit to more than one V or C slot. Because autosegmental phonology allows a
different number of elements in each tier and does not require that the boundaries
between them coincide, the notion of association lines emerges as central.
associative (adj.)
see association
asterisk (n.) (1) In linguistics, a linguistic construction that is unacceptable
or ungrammatical is marked thus by the use of an initial asterisk, e.g. *the