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Section 7.6—The Cross Product of Two Vectors O a 3 b b 3 a b The Cross Product (Vector Product) a In the previous three sections, the dot product along with some of its applications was discussed. In this section, a second product called the cross product, denoted as a ! b ! , is introduced. The cross product is sometimes referred to as a vector product because, when it is calculated, the result is a vector and not a scalar. As we shall see, the cross product can be used in physical applications but also in the understanding of the geometry of R 3 . If we are given two vectors, a ! and b ! , and wish to calculate their cross product, what we are trying to find is a particular vector that is perpendicular to each of the two given vectors. As will be observed, if we consider two nonzero, noncollinear vectors, there is an infinite number of vectors perpendicular to the two vectors. If we want to determine the cross product of these two vectors, we choose just one of these perpendicular vectors as our answer. Finding the cross product of two vectors is shown in the following example. EXAMPLE 1 Calculating the cross product of two vectors Given the vectors a ! 11, 1, 02 and b ! 11, 3, 12, determine a ! b ! . Solution When calculating we are determining a vector that is perpendicular to both a ! and b ! a ! b ! , . We start by letting this vector be v ! 1x, y, z2. Since a! # ! v 0, 11, 1, 02 # 1x, y, z2 0 and x y 0. In the same way, since ! b # ! v 0, 11, 3, 12 # 1x, y, z2 0 and x 3y z 0. Finding of the cross product of a ! and b ! requires solving a system of two equations in three variables which, under normal circumstances, has an infinite number of solutions. We will eliminate a variable and use substitution to find a solution to this system. 1 x y 0 2 x 3y z 0 Subtracting eliminates x, 2y z 0, or z 2y. If we substitute z 2y in equation 2 , it will be possible to express x in terms of y. Doing so gives x 3y 12y2 0 or x y. Since x and z can both be expressed in terms of y, we write the solution as 1y, y, 2y2 y11, 1, 22. The solution to this system NEL CHAPTER 7 401
a 3 b, k = 1 O b 3 a, k = –1 b a is any vector of the form y11, 1, 22. It can be left in this form, but is usually written as k11, 1, 22, kR, where k is a parameter representing any real value. The parameter k indicates that there is an infinite number of solutions and that each of them is a scalar multiple of 11, 1, 22. In this case, the cross product is defined to be the vector where k 1—that is, 11, 1, 22. The choosing of simplifies computation and makes sense mathematically, as we will see in the next section. It should also be noted that the cross product is a vector and, as stated previously, is sometimes called a vector product. Deriving a Formula for the Cross Product What is necessary, to be more efficient in calculating , is a formula. The vector is a vector that is perpendicular to each of the vectors a ! and b ! . An infinite number of vectors satisfy this condition, all of which are scalar multiples of each other, but the cross product is one that is chosen in the simplest possible way, as will be seen when the formula is derived below. Another important point to understand about the cross product is that it exists only in R 3 . It is not possible to take two noncollinear vectors in R 2 and construct a third vector perpendicular to the two vectors, because this vector would be outside the given plane. It is also difficult, at times, to tell whether we are calculating a ! b ! or b ! a ! . The formula, properly applied, will do the job without difficulty. There are times when it is helpful to be able to identify the cross product without using a formula. From the diagram below, is pictured as a vector perpendicular to the plane formed by a ! and b ! a ! b ! , and, when looking down the axis from P on a ! would have to be rotated counterclockwise in order to be collinear with In other words, a ! b ! and a ! b ! b ! b ! , a ! . , , form a right-handed system. The vector b ! the opposite to , is again perpendicular to the plane formed by and but, when looking from Q down the axis formed by a ! a ! a ! , b ! a ! b ! , would have to be rotated clockwise in order to be collinear with b ! b ! a ! , . a ! b ! a ! b ! k 1 P O b a Q 402 7.6 THE CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS NEL
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO CALCULUS
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y x 3 1 , if 3 6 t 6 0 t 6. A func
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What Is Calculus? Two simple geomet
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If a and b were radicals, squaring
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Exercise 1.1 PART A 1. Write the co
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Consider a curve y f 1x2 and a poi
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EXAMPLE 2 Tech Support For help gra
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The slope of the tangent at 13, 42
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INVESTIGATION 4 Tech Support For he
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4. Simplify each of the following d
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18. Copy the following figures. Dra
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A. Determine the average velocity o
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Instantaneous Velocity The velocity
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Solution a. C11002 10V100 1000 1
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Exercise 1.3 C PART A 1. The veloci
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f 1x2 f 1a2 15. Use the alternate
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. Use your results for part a to ap
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The graph shown on your calculator
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limits because, in each case, only
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11. For each function, sketch the g
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EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4 Using
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INVESTIGATION Here is an alternate
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In this section, we learned the pro
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A 11. Jacques Charles (1746-1823) d
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A second condition for continuity a
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d. The function F is not continuous
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x 3, if x 3 12. g1x2 e 2 k, if
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Key Concepts Review We began our in
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c. What is the present rate of chan
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16. Evaluate the limit of each diff
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Chapter 2 DERIVATIVES Imagine a dri
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2 4 5. Expand, and collect like te
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Section 2.1—The Derivative Functi
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For the Parabola f1x2 x 2 The slop
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Note that f 1t2 Vt is defined for
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EXAMPLE 6 Reasoning about different
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Exercise 2.1 PART A 1. State the do
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T 15. Match each function in graphs
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EXAMPLE 1 Applying the constant fun
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We conclude this section with the s
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EXAMPLE 6 Connecting the derivative
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x 1 8. Determine the slope of the
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Section 2.3—The Product Rule In t
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EXAMPLE 3 Selecting an efficient st
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EXAMPLE 6 Selecting a strategy to d
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PART B dy 5. Determine the value of
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9. Determine the equation of the ta
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EXAMPLE 1 Applying the quotient rul
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Exercise 2.4 PART A 1. What are the
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Section 2.5—The Derivatives of Co
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with respect to x is equal to the p
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EXAMPLE 7 Combining derivative rule
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Exercise 2.5 PART A 1. Given f 1x2
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Technology Extension: Derivatives o
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Key Concepts Review Now that you ha
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9. For what values of x does the cu
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24. At a manufacturing plant, produ
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Chapter 3 DERIVATIVES AND THEIR APP
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4. Determine the area of each figur
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Section 3.1—Higher-Order Derivati
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Motion on a Straight Line An object
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d. The object moves in a positive d
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EXAMPLE 5 Analyzing motion under gr
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Exercise 3.1 C K PART A 1. Explain
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T 12. A dragster races down a 400 m
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H. Repeat part D for the following
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Only t 3 is in the given interval,
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IN SUMMARY Key Ideas • The maximu
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T PART B 4. Using the algorithm for
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Mid-Chapter Review 1. Determine the
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Section 3.3—Optimization Problems
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For extreme values, set V¿1x2 0.
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Exercise 3.3 C PART A 1. A piece of
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a. Determine the dimensions that sh
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The revenue function is R1x2 17 0
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The minimal cost is approximately $
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T C 8. The fuel cost per hour for r
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CAREER LINK WRAP-UP Investigate and
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10. For each of the following cost
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s1t2 t 26. Find the absolute maxi
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Chapter 4 CURVE SKETCHING If you ar
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5. Determine the derivative of each
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Section 4.1—Increasing and Decrea
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dy Since this is a polynomial funct
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IN SUMMARY Key Ideas • A function
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9. Each of the following graphs rep
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Solution dy First determine dx . dy
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Note that there is no value of x fo
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EXAMPLE 4 Graphing the derivative g
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4. Find the x- and y-intercepts of
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Section 4.3—Vertical and Horizont
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The behaviour of the graph can be i
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EXAMPLE 2 Expressing a polynomial f
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When lim f 1x2 k or lim f 1x2 k,
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For horizontal asymptotes, 3x f 1x2
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Now let's consider the straight lin
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Exercise 4.3 PART A 1. State the eq
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12. Use the features of each functi
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11. a. What does f ¿1x2 7 0 imply
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From these investigations, we can m
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Setting dy dx 0, we obtain 3 1x 2
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The second derivative of f 1x2 is f
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Exercise 4.4 K PART A 1. For each f
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Section 4.5—An Algorithm for Curv
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Therefore, by the second derivative
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Interval 1, 12 11, 0.82 10.8, 22 12
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K A 1x PART B 4. Use the algorithm
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Key Concepts Review In this chapter
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5. For each of the following, check
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17. If f 1x2 x3 8 , determine the
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Chapter 5 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIA
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Radian Measure A radian is the meas
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5. Convert the following angles to
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Section 5.1—Derivatives of Expone
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From the investigation, you should
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EXAMPLE 4 Connecting the derivative
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A C PART B 6. Determine the equatio
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Section 5.2—The Derivative of the
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In general, for the exponential fun
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Solution a. January 1, 1900, is exa
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Section 5.3—Optimization Problems
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The average revenue to the company
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Exercise 5.3 PART A 1. Use graphing
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12. Find the maximum and minimum va
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9. The rapid growth in the number o
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INVESTIGATION 2 A.Using your graphi
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With practice, you will learn how t
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We evaluate f 1x2 at the critical n
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A T 6. Determine the absolute extre
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Derivatives of Composite Functions
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Review Exercise 1. Differentiate ea
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18. The position of a particle is g
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Chapter 5 Test dy 1. Determine the
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8. Use algebraic methods to evaluat
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f 1x2 142e 5x1 24. For each functi
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Review of Prerequisite Skills In th
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CAREER LINK Investigate CHAPTER 6:
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What is a Vector? A vector is a mat
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EXAMPLE 1 B A E D C Connecting vect
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A K B 5. Given the vector AB ! as s
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Section 6.2—Vector Addition In th
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the overall magnitude would be equa
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Solution c b a a - b + c a - b c a
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W N S E The vectors are drawn so th
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Exercise 6.2 PART A 1. The vectors
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10. a. In ! the ! example ! involvi
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0 0 The previous example illustrate
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Solution a. 30˚ y x 2x-y 2x -y 30
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Solution Draw a sketch and determin
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8. The two vectors a ! and b ! are
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Section 6.4—Properties of Vectors
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Demonstrating the distributive law
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IN SUMMARY Key Idea • Properties
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Mid-Chapter Review 1. ABCD is a par
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Section 6.5—Vectors in R 2 and R
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Right-Handed System of Coordinates
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Solution a. A16, 0, 02 is a point o
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There is one further observation th
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C A 14. a. What is the equation of
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R 2 EXAMPLE 1 Representing vectors
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EXAMPLE 2 Representing the sum and
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EXAMPLE 5 Calculating the magnitude
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A 10. Parallelogram is determined b
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EXAMPLE 1 Representing vectors in R
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. Using components, a ! b ! c !
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IN SUMMARY Key Ideas • In R 3 , i
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Section 6.8—Linear Combinations a
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In R 2 , it is possible to take any
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Geometrically, the linear combinati
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IN SUMMARY Key Ideas • In R 2 , O
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Review Exercise 1. Determine whethe
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15. A rectangular prism measuring 3
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Chapter 6 Test 1. The vectors a ! ,
Page 351 and 352: Review of Prerequisite Skills In th
Page 353 and 354: Section 7.1—Vectors as Forces The
Page 355 and 356: of 6 cm, also pointing east. The ve
Page 357 and 358: is drawn approximately to scale, an
Page 359 and 360: The magnitude of the vertical compo
Page 361 and 362: ! T1 sin 105° 1961sin 45°2 T ! 1
Page 363 and 364: 49 34 30 cos CBA 1 cos CBA 2 120
Page 365 and 366: C T f 3 40 N O 35 N 45° 30 N f 2 2
Page 367 and 368: Solution We start by drawing positi
Page 369 and 370: v a v + w w 20 triangles, Solving t
Page 371 and 372: A T C 9. A small airplane has an ai
Page 373 and 374: Perhaps the most important observat
Page 375 and 376: If we look at the right-angled tria
Page 377 and 378: Solution Consider the following dia
Page 379 and 380: A T 10. What is the value of the do
Page 381 and 382: Expanding, we get b 2 1 2a 1 b 1
Page 383 and 384: . 0 a ! 0 2 @b ! 112 2 122 2 142
Page 385 and 386: One of the most important propertie
Page 387 and 388: 4. a. From the set of vectors e11,
Page 389 and 390: Mid-Chapter Review 1. a. If 0 a ! 0
Page 391 and 392: Section 7.5—Scalar and Vector Pro
Page 393 and 394: EXAMPLE 1 Reasoning about the chara
Page 395 and 396: x EXAMPLE 3 z P (2, 1, 4) g b a O(0
Page 397 and 398: EXAMPLE 4 Calculating a specific di
Page 399 and 400: IN SUMMARY Key Idea • A projectio
Page 401: B C 12. In the diagram shown, ^ ABC
Page 405 and 406: If we carry out an identical proced
Page 407 and 408: EXAMPLE 2 Calculating cross product
Page 409 and 410: K A C T 4. Calculate the cross prod
Page 411 and 412: EXAMPLE 1 Using the dot product to
Page 413 and 414: . We start by constructing position
Page 415 and 416: EXAMPLE 4 Using the cross product t
Page 417 and 418: CAREER LINK WRAP-UP Investigate and
Page 419 and 420: Review Exercise 1. Given that a !
Page 421 and 422: 18. For the vectors m ! 1 V3, 2, 3
Page 423 and 424: Chapter 7 Test 1. Given the vectors
Page 425 and 426: Review of Prerequisite Skills In th
Page 427 and 428: CAREER LINK Investigate CHAPTER 8:
Page 429 and 430: Both of these vectors can be multip
Page 431 and 432: c. If the point Q121, 232 lies on t
Page 433 and 434: In this section, the vector and par
Page 435 and 436: C K A T 6. a. If the equation of a
Page 437 and 438: EXAMPLE 1 Representing the Cartesia
Page 439 and 440: It is not possible, in this case, t
Page 441 and 442: AP ! 1x 4, y 1222 1x 4, y 22.
Page 443 and 444: u cos 1 a 3 12 1 10 21 25 2 b u
Page 445 and 446: A T 10. For each pair of lines, det
Page 447 and 448: is its direction vector. If represe
Page 449 and 450: EXAMPLE 4 Representing the equation
Page 451 and 452: C A T 6. a. Determine parametric eq
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13. The Cartesian equation of a lin
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s t s(1, 2, 1) t(0, 2, 1), s, tR P
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After deriving vector and parametri
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EXAMPLE 4 Representing the equation
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A K T 7. a. Determine parameters co
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To derive the equation of this plan
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A number of observations can be mad
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When we considered lines in R 2 , w
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IN SUMMARY Key Idea • The Cartesi
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Section 8.6—Sketching Planes in R
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EXAMPLE 2 Representing the graph of
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EXAMPLE 5 Graphing planes whose Car
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IN SUMMARY Key Idea • A sketch of
Page 479 and 480:
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Review Exercise 1. Determine vector
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20. Calculate the acute angle that
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Chapter 8 Test 1. a. Given the poin
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Review of Prerequisite Skills In th
Page 489 and 490:
CAREER LINK Investigate CHAPTER 9:
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4 13 s2 211 4s2 12 8s2 8 0 1
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Method 2: Again, this result can be
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We can now select any two of the th
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IN SUMMARY Key Ideas • Line and p
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A T 11. a. Show that the lines and
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equations. Since the lines would be
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Solution 1: Interchange equations 1
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Substituting into the second equati
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1: Multiply equation 1 by k, and ad
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K C PART B 4. Solve each system of
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Section 9.3—The Intersection of T
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If we had solved the system using e
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then x 3s 1. Now it is a matter o
Page 517 and 518:
Exercise 9.3 C K PART A 1. A system
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Mid-Chapter Review 1. Determine the
Page 521 and 522:
Section 9.4—The Intersection of T
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1: Create two new equations, 4 and
Page 525 and 526:
Thus, 7y 5t 3. Dividing by 7, we g
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Inconsistent Systems for Three Equa
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Therefore, we can choose ! ! ! m 1
Page 531 and 532:
Exercise 9.4 PART A 1. A student is
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9. Solve each system of equations u
Page 535 and 536:
Section 9.5—The Distance from a P
Page 537 and 538:
EXAMPLE 1 Calculating the distance
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In triangle PQR, sin u d @ QP ! @
Page 541 and 542:
Exercise 9.5 PART A 1. Determine th
Page 543 and 544:
Section 9.6—The Distance from a P
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It is also possible to use the dist
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p 1 p 2 U V d L 1 : r = (-2, 1, 0)
Page 549 and 550:
The required distance between the t
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K A T PART B 2. Determine the follo
Page 553 and 554:
Review Exercise 1. The lines 2x y
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14. You are given the lines , and r
Page 557 and 558:
Chapter 9 Test 1. a. Determine the
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P(1, -2, 4) Q P9 2x - 3y - 4z + 66
Page 561 and 562:
29. A line that passes through the
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Solution a. Differentiate both side
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Exercise PART A 1. State the chain
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dA b. To determine differentiate A
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1 16 dh dt Therefore, at the momen
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11. Two cyclists depart at the same
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Solution a. y ln15x2 Using the cha
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x1x 42 0 x 4 or x 0 But x 0 is
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The Derivatives of General Logarith
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The Derivative of a Composite Funct
Page 581 and 582:
To solve this, we take the natural
Page 583 and 584:
Exercise PART A 1. Differentiate ea
Page 585 and 586:
y eliminating unknowns. In Example
Page 587 and 588:
Properties of a Matrix in Row-Echel
Page 589 and 590:
Exercise PART A 1. Write an augment
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12. Determine the equation of the p
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1 0 0 18 4 (row 3) row 1 £ 0 1 0
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Finally, convert the entry in the s
Page 597 and 598:
Review of Technical Skills Appendix
Page 599 and 600:
3 Evaluating a Function 1. Enter th
Page 601 and 602:
7 Making a Table of Differences To
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4. Cursor along the curve to any po
Page 605 and 606:
5. Display and analyze the results.
Page 607 and 608:
14 Graphing a Trigonometric Functio
Page 609 and 610:
2. Enter the second equation. Press
Page 611 and 612:
Use either the calculator keypad or
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20 Graphing the Derivative of a Fun
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4. Create a function. Right-click t
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composition: the process of combini
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G geometric vectors: vectors that a
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ationalizing the denominator: the p
Page 623 and 624:
Answers Chapter 1 0 0 0 0 0 Review
Page 625 and 626:
d. about 1 e. about 7 8 f. no tang
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d. 13. m 3; b 1 14. a 3, b 2, c
Page 629 and 630:
Review Exercise, pp. 56-59 1. a. 3
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19. a. y 7 b. y 5x 5 c. y 18x 9
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20. a. 34.3 m> s b. 39.2 m> s c. 54
Page 635 and 636:
17. a. 100 bacteria b. 1200 bacteri
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11. a. b. 160x y 16 0 60x y 61
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3. 1 2x 4. a. x 2 15x 6 b. 6012x
Page 641 and 642:
14. t 1 s; away 15. a. s1t2 kt 2
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14. a. triangle side length 0.96 cm
Page 645 and 646:
Review Exercise, pp. 156-159 11. 20
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c. i. ii. iii. d. i. ii. iii. 5 4 3
Page 649 and 650:
. local minimum: 11.41, 39.62, loca
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2. increasing: x 6 1 and x 7 2, dec
Page 653 and 654:
to a zero of its derivative, the nu
Page 655 and 656:
7. (-2, 10) 10 8 y 10. a. 8 y e. 4
Page 657 and 658:
4. hole at x 2; large and negative
Page 659 and 660:
sin x b. 1 sin 2 tan x sec x x L
Page 661 and 662:
12. a. no maximum or minimum value
Page 663 and 664:
Review Exercise, pp. 263-265 1. a.
Page 665 and 666:
x 2. 5. a. 19 000 fish> year b. 23
Page 667 and 668:
Section 6.1, pp. 279-281 6. a. b. c
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17. P G 4. Answers may vary. For ex
Page 671 and 672:
11. a. AG ! a ! b ! c ! , b. AG
Page 673 and 674:
d. OD ! 11, 1, 12 (0, 0, 1) (1, 0,
Page 675 and 676:
Section 6.7, pp. 332-333 1. a. 1i !
Page 677 and 678:
24. 25. a. 0a ! b. 0a ! 0 2 0b !
Page 679 and 680:
. Since the equilibrant is directed
Page 681 and 682:
7. a. scalar projection: 0, vector
Page 683 and 684:
2. a. 3 b. 7 c. 43 d. 217 e. 5 f. 1
Page 685 and 686:
cos A 1 cos B 1 cos C 1 area of t
Page 687 and 688:
. r ! 11, 1, 02 t10, 1, 12, tR; x
Page 689 and 690:
2. 12, 3, 42 3. P must lie on plane
Page 691 and 692:
25. A plane has two parameters, bec
Page 693 and 694:
coincident with the plane, meaning
Page 695 and 696:
Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 518-519 1.
Page 697 and 698:
8. a. b. y 1 z 1 4 , 2 c. x 3t
Page 699 and 700:
10. vector equation: r ! 10, 0, 42
Page 701 and 702:
. 23. a. b. 2a 1 2 b a 6 7 , 2 7 ,
Page 703 and 704:
16. 17. 18. 19. 2 3 4 m>min 144 m>m
Page 705 and 706:
ln x 1 e. ln 2 4x 1 x ln 13x 2 2
Page 707 and 708:
Index A Absolute extrema, 130, 132,
Page 709:
normal, 461-469, 486, 512, 524 para
show all

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