Strategies to reinforce the role ofICT in teaching andlearning for sustainabilityProfessor Vassilios Makrakis, Department of Primary Education,University of Crete, GreeceThree forces are shaping and driving 21st century education:the development and diffusion of information andcommunication technology (ICT), the increasing demandfor new educational approaches and pedagogies that fostertransformative and lifelong learning, and the reorientation ofeducational curricula to address sustainable development (SD).The link between ICT, transformative learning and SD is beingaddressed by extensive debates and research which recognize thechallenge new technologies bring to the reorientation of educationtowards learning to live sustainably. Some higher educationinstitutions, but not many, have begun to take advantage of thepotential offered by ICT to reorient their study programmesto address sustainability and cope with the barriers encountered.The results of the 2008 International Survey preparedfor UNESCO revealed some of the more prevalent barriers toaddressing education for sustainability to be too few (or inadequatelytrained) professionals to provide inspired educationfor sustainable development (ESD), limited staff awarenessand expertise, overcrowded curricula and lack of new teachingmethods and courses. There is also insufficient funding andinadequate national, provincial and local policy to support ESD.Disciplinary boundaries between subject areas persist, as wellas a lack of educational leadership to support transformativeefforts to address sustainability.Responses to these challengesAs a response to these challenges and barriers, the UNESCO ChairICT in Education for Sustainable Development, established at theUniversity of Crete in 2008, has set up a number of projects:Developing Web-based curricula addressing education for climate changeWe have set up a working group consisting of experts in ICT,Education for Climate Change and Instructional Design to developweb-based inter/cross-disciplinary curricula addressing the integrationof climate change in the Greek school curriculum. Theinstructional material we are developing is expected to engageprimary school learners in social activism and an exploration of theimpacts of climate change on ecosystems and natural resources, onlocal communities, and on individuals and global society. We areopen to international cooperation from Ministries of Education andFoundations to transfer our know-how through customization totheir own educational systems.A Euro-Mediterranean online ESD ‘community of practice’for reforming higher education curricula to addresssustainable developmentThis participatory action research project aimsat developing a Euro-Mediterranean ‘communityof practice’ in higher education committedto the principles of transformative learning andsustainable development. In particular, it aims todesign, develop and assess an online communitythat goes beyond awareness raising to a re-orientationof higher education curricula and campuspractices to address sustainability. It is foundedon a sound basis of merging theory and practicein higher education systems and constructivist,Web-based, open and flexible learning managementsystems. This project is integrated into theTEMPUS project, ‘Reorient University Curriculato Address Sustainability’, involving universitiesfrom five European Union countries as well as fromEgypt, Jordan and Lebanon.Development of an online problem-based learning environmentfor health educationThis project deals with the development andassessment of an online problem-based learning‘community of practice’ enriched with inter-disciplinaryhypermedia-based instructional lessonson health education issues. Participatory actionresearch is the research method adopted, with twoparallel action research teams working together inthe prefectures of Rethymnon and Chania on theisland of Crete. Through this project we are expectedto provide sustained, reform-based professionaldevelopment to guide teams of teachers throughthe process of creating and implementing interdisciplinaryand cross-disciplinary hypermedia-basedlearning interventions, focusing on local environmentalhealth issues for primary and lower secondaryschool students. This project invites internationalcooperation from Ministries of Education andFoundations, which may integrate our know-how intheir own educational systems.[ 169 ]
WikiQuESD authoring and learning platformWikiQuESDThis concerns an action research initiative geared towards developingstrategies for using digital media and technology to help pre-serviceand in-service teachers both understand and contribute to theUN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD). Amajor question addressed in this project is how to profit from openeducation resources concerned with sustainability issues and how toempower teachers to function as change agents with the support ofmore advanced learning technologies. ‘WikiQuESD’ integrates Wikitechnologies, the WebQuest idea and ESD. It is used as a scaffoldinghypermedia tool to turn teachers from instructional content users toICT-enabled ESD curriculum developers. WikiQuESD applicationsare being designed to use multimedia (images, animation, videos,text and sound), various mind tools and open education learningobjects to promote collaboration, connectivity, ‘real-world’ learningand systems thinking, which are emerging as key pedagogicalmethods conducive to education for sustainability. Results of anassessment study revealed that the WikiQuESD concept and platformcan give both teachers and students a voice in teaching andcurriculum decisions that is often neglected in education.ICT-enabled ESDSeven European universities with considerable experience in the fieldsof ICT and ESD, from Greece (University of Crete), Ireland (Dublin CityUniversity), Latvia (Daugavpils University), Cyprus (Frederick Universityand Open University of Cyprus) and Sweden (Uppsala University),formed a consortium under the coordination of the University of Crete(UNESCO Chair ICT in ESD) to submit a project entitled ‘ICT-enabledin Education for Sustainable Development’ within the framework of theERASMUS Virtual Campus Programme. This project, which has beenselected and financed by the European Commission, aims to developa joint online Master’s degree in the field of ICT in ESD, offered inEnglish. It targets experienced practitioners in schools, colleges, communityeducation, non-governmental organozations (NGOs), governmentbodies and development agencies, all of whom are engaged in applyingESD in many different contexts and countries.Through this joint effort, we are making considerable innovativeprogress, both to improve our own universities’ sustainability profilesby developing learning environments conducive to ESD supportedby ICTs, and also to develop a new, open and flexible postgraduateprogramme that responds to the increasing needs of experienced practitionerswho want to play a key role in moving forward the issue ofImage: V. MakrakisESD. The content of the curriculum design and developmentis participatory (e.g. involving end users, teachertrainers, teachers and students in the process), interdisciplinary(involving various subjects), contextual (dealingwith local/global sustainable development issues),holistic (balancing environmental, social, cultural andeconomic pillars of sustainable development) and interactive(ICT-based). It also reflects a shift away fromreliance on structured and compartmentalized Master’scourse curricula by focusing on curriculum as process(learner-centred) and praxis (transformative and reflective).It provides tools and services that facilitate socialnetworking and allows for virtual collaboration andvirtual peer mentoring amongst learners and e-tutors.The joint Master’s programme will be ready to take itsfirst students in the academic year 2012-13. It will consistof 120 European Credit Transfer and AccumulationSystem (ECTS) credits – 90 for the course work and 30for the dissertation.Changes envisaged include: greater access of experiencedteachers and teacher trainers to be trained asESD Leaders in their formal and/or non-formal settingsindependent of temporal and geographical restriction; aninterdisciplinary and individualized programme of studyon how to use ICT in integrating ESD issues reflectingenvironmental, social, economic and cultural perspectives;competent ESD practitioners taking leading rolesin their education settings and functioning as humanresources for transformative ESD practices; and promotionof virtual student and staff mobility, which addsvalue to a new dimension of mobility.TEMPUS Project ‘Reorient University Curricula to AddressSustainability’A consortium consisting of six European Universities(University of Crete, University of Athens, DublinCity University, University of Padova, University ofBordeaux and University of Stockholm), together withuniversities from Egypt (Heliopolis University forSustainable Development and Suez Canal University),Jordan (Hashemite University and University of Jordan)and Lebanon (University La Sagese and Notre DameUniversity), together with the UNESCO RegionalOffice for the Arab States and three NGOs, MIO/ESCDE/MEdIES, IndyACT and SEKEM DevelopmentFoundation, formed a consortium under the coordinationof the University of Crete to submit a TEMPUSproject entitled ‘Reorient University Curricula toAddress Sustainability’. The project was approved bythe relevant authorities of the European Commission.The overarching goal of the project is to help partnerhigher education institutions to infuse ESD into theircurricula and teaching methodology through capacitybuildingamong university staff. The key question ishow to best advance curriculum change towards ESD,given the regional priorities and the need to modernizecurricula to address ESD. This cannot be achievedwithout well-prepared and committed staff to leadcurriculum reform and innovation.[ 170 ]
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