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82 Pekka Himanen and Manuel Castellsof innovation of California. Because they are innovators, they keep innovatingin the bad times as well as the good times. They expect to be rewarded, butthis is not what drives them. In a very broad sense, it is the hacker culture, asdefined in chapter 19 of this volume, that characterizes Silicon Valley and theuniversities, firms, and research centers around the Silicon Valley networks. Itis creativity for the sake of creativity because innovation is enjoyment andempowerment, and the only way in which an individual, distrustful of thestate, and affirmed in his or her own, chosen identity, can grasp life aroundthem. This is why discoveries and innovation kept continuing in 2000–2003,in spite of dark economic prospects, political uncertainty, and a reduction inventure capital finance. And because innovation does not stop, the engine ofwealth will eventually be restarted.It does not happen without costs. This is the dark side of the Silicon Valleymodel. The moment of crisis, collective or personal, finds many individuals,and their families, unprotected. So, it is a winner’s society that accumulateslosers on its margins in growing numbers. And since there is a deep-seateddistrust of government, the resources of the public sector keep dwindling,particularly in relation to the growing costs of public needs. This is the otherparadox of California: the most dynamic economy in the world, submitted toa structural fiscal crisis of the state because of the model of individual accumulationof the wealth generated from individual entrepreneurialism.Finland, of course, protects its people under all circumstances. But in orderto generate wealth it has to induce innovation and entrepreneurialism in the hopethat business will be able to channel the potential of young innovators. But innovationalso requires freedom, and if young Finns decide to use their freedom andtalent to innovate in culture and in the arts, it will be up to business to find a wayof making this cultural content into a globally competitive industry.Both models seem to have fundamental challenges, and interesting times,ahead. Silicon Valley will have to find ways to link up individual projects withthe institutions of society, and induce solidarity among its members, to besocially sustainable. Finland will have to reconcile its national identity andwelfare state with an opening up to the world, based on two-way channels ofcommunication, and with a stimulus to entrepreneurship as a source of wealthcreation to make the welfare state economically sustainable. Yet, both modelsshare the distinction of having pioneered alternative ways of development ofthe knowledge economy and of the network society.REFERENCESAli-Yrkkö, Jyrki and Hermans, Raine (2002) Nokia in the Finnish Information System.Helsinki: ETLA.