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wholly devoted to, or dependent on, Nokia. For example, it would be wrongto say that the growth of the tele-operators TeliaSonera and Elisa or the systemintegrator TietoEnator – all cooperating with Nokia in some projects – hasbeen based on Nokia. The electronics manufacturing service companiesElcoteq and Flextronics also have other customers than Nokia, and so on.Some 3 percent of the Finnish labor force work in these IT companies.Again, Nokia is the biggest employer, but it still has a limited role. In 2002,Nokia employed 24,000 workers in Finland, which represents approximately1 percent of the total labor force. There are many others working in Nokia’snetwork of partners but, as these companies also have other customers, theiremployment is mainly independent of Nokia.Elements of the Finnish ModelSilicon Valley and Finland 67In a simplified form, the main elements of the Finnish model can be representedgraphically as figure 2.9. At the center of the Finnish model is innovation:technological, product, and process (organization) innovation.Ultimately, technological and product innovation combined with the newnetwork form of organization have been behind the growth of Finnish productivity(Koski et al., 2002). This is especially true in mobile telecommunicationswhere Finland is the world leader. Finnish innovativeness is also one ofthe highest in the world, as measured by the receipts of royalties and licensefees per capita.Innovation is based on talented people, the availability of finance for newrisky projects, and a culture of innovation. The existence of these three conditionsdepends on the nature and connections between the university, business,and the state, as shown in figure 2.9.The state has a double function both as a developmental and a welfare state.As a welfare state, Finnish policy has been to invest in a free, public, and highqualityeducation system that gives people equal opportunities to learn andthus incorporates the potential of the population more fully than in most othercountries. The university system includes 70 percent of the young generation,with over a quarter of these students in technology fields, and thus forms thehuman talent needed to continue innovation in Finnish business. Because ofuniversal health, unemployment, and pension protection, in addition to thesystem of collective bargaining that generates stable industrial relations (80percent of the labor force remain unionized), people are better prepared for thebig structural changes that the information economy requires.In its role as a developer of the information economy (developmental state),the government’s key actor is the Science and Technology Policy Council.Largely under its guidance, national R&D investment increased from 1percent of GDP at the beginning of the 1980s to 3.6 percent of GDP by 2001.
NATIONALIDENTITYSOCIALHOMOGENEITYWEALTHDISTRIBUTIONSOCIETYCITIZEN-WORKERSWEALTHDISTRIBUTION68EUEDUCATEDANDPROTECTEDPEOPLEWELFARESTATELEGITIMACYDEMOCARCYDEVEOPMENTINDUSTRIALRELATIONSSOCIALSTABILITYREGULATORY+/– ENVIRONMENTICT+/–INNOVATIONSUNIVERSITIESHACKERSBUSINESSNOKIANETWORKENTERPRISEGROWTH =PRODUCTIVITYCOMPETITIVENESSSTOCKSVALUATION+/–GLOBALECONOMYMIGRATIONTAXESFigure 2.9The Finnish model of the information society
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The Network Society
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© Manuel Castells 2004All rights r
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viContentsPART IV SOCIABILITY AND S
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Figures2.1 Technological developmen
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xTables13.4 Physician reports of th
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xiiNotes on contributorsNathaniel B
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xivNotes on contributorsand Browsin
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AcknowledgmentsThis book is the res
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xviiiEditor’s prefaceinteraction
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xxEditor’s prefaceof socio-techni
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1. Informationalism, networks, and
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Informationalism and the network so
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Page 72 and 73: Silicon Valley and Finland 51PATHS
Page 74 and 75: Silicon Valley and Finland 53Table
Page 76 and 77: Silicon Valley and Finland 55the fi
Page 78 and 79: Silicon Valley and Finland 57There
Page 80 and 81: Silicon Valley and Finland 59inform
Page 82 and 83: Silicon Valley and Finland 61that I
Page 84 and 85: Silicon Valley and Finland 63EBay,
Page 86 and 87: Silicon Valley and Finland 65produc
Page 90 and 91: Silicon Valley and Finland 69The st
Page 92 and 93: Silicon Valley and Finland 71JOT Au
Page 94 and 95: Silicon Valley and Finland 73risk i
Page 96 and 97: Silicon Valley and Finland 75respec
Page 98 and 99: Silicon Valley and Finland 77esting
Page 100 and 101: Silicon Valley and Finland 79100090
Page 102 and 103: Silicon Valley and Finland 81the Fi
Page 104 and 105: Silicon Valley and Finland 83——
Page 106 and 107: The Russian network society 85but s
Page 108 and 109: The Russian network society 87All t
Page 110 and 111: The Russian network society 89inequ
Page 112 and 113: The Russian network society 91estim
Page 114 and 115: The Russian network society 93expre
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Page 118 and 119: The Russian network society 97actio
Page 120 and 121: 4. The Internet in China: technolog
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Page 124 and 125: The Internet in China 103cially tho
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Page 130 and 131: The Internet in China 109native-pla
Page 132 and 133: The Internet in China 111“network
Page 134 and 135: The Internet in China 113Usually on
Page 136 and 137: The Internet in China 115lifestyle
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The Internet in China 117To borrow
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The Internet in China 119Cartier, a
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The Internet in China 121Bu, Wei (2
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The Internet in China 123jianguanzh
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5. Reflexive Internet? The Britishe
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Reflexive Internet? The British exp
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PART IIIThe Network Economy
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146 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
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7. Labor in the network society: le
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176 Chris BennerLABOR AND FLEXIBILI
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178 Chris BennerFlexibility in Work
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180 Chris Bennerservices means that
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182 Chris BennerTable 7.2Indicators
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184 Chris BennerThis service is oft
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186 Chris Bennerof human resource a
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188 Chris Benneryears, however, edu
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190 Chris Bennermarket, however, is
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192 Chris BennerFlexible labor mark
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194 Chris BennerAsaravala, Amit (20
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196 Chris BennerLave, Jean and Weng
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8. Time, space, and technology infi
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200 Caitlin Zaloomthe bids and offe
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202 Caitlin Zaloomexchange, the bro
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204 Caitlin Zaloomrecently, the log
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206 Caitlin Zaloomadvantage of the
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208 Caitlin Zaloomletters to form w
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210 Caitlin Zaloom“reprogrammable
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212 Caitlin ZaloomCallon, Michel (1
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PART IVSociability and social struc
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218 Keith N. Hampton“blasé attit
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220 Keith N. Hamptonerosion of the
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222 Keith N. Hamptonby the least ex
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224 Keith N. Hamptondid so to seek
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226 Keith N. Hamptonits ability to
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228 Keith N. Hamptonimmediately app
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230 Keith N. HamptonREFERENCESAngsi
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232 Keith N. HamptonSouthern Califo
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234 Manuel Castells et al.this stud
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236 Manuel Castells et al.On the ot
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238 Manuel Castells et al.friends a
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240 Manuel Castells et al.Table 10.
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242 Manuel Castells et al.way behin
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244 Manuel Castells et al.by radio.
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246 Manuel Castells et al.The six t
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248 Manuel Castells et al.that belo
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250 Wayne E. Baker and Kenneth M. C
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Table 11.5Logistic coefficients fro
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12. The promise and the myths ofe-l
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e-learning in post-secondary educat
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Public Dual-mode Institutionse-lear
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• the courses are delivered globa
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13. e-health networks and socialtra
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e-health networks and social transf
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14. Narrowing the digital divide: t
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The US community technology movemen
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community issues, access advanced t
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PART VINetworked social movements a
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342 Jeffrey S. JurisFollowing Fredr
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344 Jeffrey S. Jurisactions and cou
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346 Jeffrey S. Juristime. 13 Some h
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348 Jeffrey S. JurisZapatistas were
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350 Jeffrey S. Juriscollectives aga
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352 Jeffrey S. JurisVisibly impassi
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354 Jeffrey S. Juriselements. Colin
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356 Jeffrey S. Jurisorganizations.
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358 Jeffrey S. JurisNOTES1. Moving
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360 Jeffrey S. JurisMRG,’ which w
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362 Jeffrey S. JurisPolanyi, Karl (
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364 Araba Sey and Manuel CastellsIn
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366 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellsre
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368 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellsci
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370 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellssw
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372 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellspa
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374 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellssu
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376 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellsch
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378 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellsso
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380 Araba Sey and Manuel CastellsCo
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PART VIIThe culture of the network
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386 Imma Tubellacultural and sociol
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388 Imma Tubellaand through symboli
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390 Imma TubellaStates. During the
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392 Imma TubellaIn Galicia, autonom
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394 Imma Tubellarooms, including fi
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396 Imma Tubellaunderstand the choi
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398 Imma Tubellainteraction which i
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400 Imma TubellaFerguson, M. (1995)
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18. Globalization, identity, and te
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404 Anshu ChatterjeeIndian entrepre
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406 Anshu ChatterjeeThese enterpris
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408 Anshu Chatterjeerestricted area
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410 Anshu Chatterjeepenetration rat
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412 Anshu Chatterjeeproduced instit
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414 Anshu ChatterjeePunjabi TV face
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416 Anshu Chatterjeedecisions. The
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418 Anshu ChatterjeeNOTES1. For mor
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19. The hacker ethic as the culture
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422 Pekka Himanenthe informational
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424 Pekka Himanenone of the founder
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426 Pekka Himanena work culture in
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428 Pekka Himanenhype in which the
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430 Pekka HimanenWithout renewing t
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Afterword: an historian’s view on
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434 Rosalind Williamsdoes it mean t
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436 Rosalind Williamsindustrial soc
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438 Rosalind Williamsgovernance str
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440 Rosalind Williamsspeech deliver
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442 Rosalind Williamsincarnates as
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444 Rosalind Williamsexponentially
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446 Rosalind Williamsmultiplicity o
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448 Rosalind WilliamsArendt, Hannah
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450 IndexCalifornia, University of:
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452 IndexDetroit Area Study 249, 25
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454 IndexGore, Al 99Gould, Stephen
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456 Indexencryption 71, 76gender ga
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458 IndexMTV 403, 415MTV India 406M
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460 IndexRambler 95Raymond, Eric 35
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462 Indexstatism 15, 17-18, 22, 84,
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464 IndexYahoo! 55, 59, 61Yang, Jer
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