Proceedings of the Workshop - United Nations Office for Outer ...

EXPANDING GLOBAL NAVIGATION SERVICES 161Coordination and Standardization ofGlobal Navigation and PositioningServicesBoth GPS and GLONASS are dual use services. Thatis, they serve both military and civilian users.Consequently, the military and the civilian authoritiesconstantly have to coordinate. Furthermore, the civilianGNSS users have to coordinate and establish GNSSstandards and recommended practices in order that themany categories of users know the exact nature of thenavigation and positioning service as it applies to thisparticular category. There needs to be standardizationwithin each category of user such as aviation andmaritime users; and also among the various categoriesof users. In regard to augmented GNSS there probablyalso needs to be more coordination and possiblyprovision of augmented GNSS in the countries whichhave not made plans for augmented service to establishuniform world-wide service.39AviationICAO is authorized by the 1944 Chicago Convention tooversee international civil aviation. Article 37 of theConvention establishes ICAO as the competent body toestablish international minimum Standards andRecommended Practices for navigation of aircraft byGPS. ICAO is the major institution for discussion ofGNSS relating to air navigation, communication,surveillance, and air traffic management. ICAO also isthe forum for discussion of legal issues relating toGNSS aviation uses. ICAO actively establishes GNSSstandards and has approved standards andrecommended practices.40 One commentator states theimportance of standardization of integrity data betweenadjacent service providers and of satellite-basedaugmentation systems, though suggesting that suchstandardization will probably best take place inimpartial forum outside of ICAO 4139 George V. Kinal, Satellite Navigation Developments atInmarsat, Paper presented to 1997 Gothenburg Conference, at 940 See ICAO discussion at III above4IKinal, supra n. 39, at 9MaritimeThe International Maritime Organization (IMO) is themaritime counterpart to ICAO. Like ICAO itestablishes international navigation standards. IMOResolution A.815 (19) on the WorldwideRadionavigation System was adopted on 23 November,1995; and IMO Resolution A.860 (2) establishingmaritime policy for future GNSS systems, was adoptedon 27 November 1997. IMO standards require GNSSon board ships beginning in the year 2000.IMO has a long interest in space communications,and it took the initiatives to establish the InternationalMaritime Satellite Organization (Inmarsat) in order toprovide satellite communications for shippingworldwide. Inmarsat’s satellites provide navigationdifferential correction for GNSS through navigationequipment on Inmarsat-3 satellites. “The Inmarsat-3navigation payloads will be used in both the U.S. WideArea Augmentation System (WAAS) and the similarEuropean Geostationary Overlay System. WAAS willnot provide integrity data for the GLONASS satellite,but EGNOS specifications do provide for GLONASSintegrity data. Although each service provider hasdifferent design criteria and service intentions, it isabsolutely critical that all such systems should beinteroperable and that user receivers will functionequally well in any one of the satellite-basedaugmentation systems.”42Other Coordination and StandardizationThere has not been significant standardization of thesurface transportation uses although the greatest futureGNSS growth will be in automobile navigation. Neitherhas there been significant standardization in land surveyand agricultural or other uses of GNSS ,43 There is needfor coordination of standards being established for thevarious modes of users. The need for unified regulatorycoordination among the standard-setting organizationsis recognized by the European Union. The Galileo42 Id. at 243Galileo, supra n. 4 at Annex IV (b)