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322F. A. SCHROEDER & J. P. CASTELLOWhy the Patos Lagoon Estuary?This estuary in southern Brazil was used forthis study because it is an area that has been studiedby the University of Rio Grande (FURG) in detailsince the 1970s (Seeliger et al. 1998). It is also aregion with a high degree of socio-environmentalimportance in the Southwest Atlantic (Seeliger et al.1998) as a fishing ground for artisanal fisheries, as anursery area for larvae and juveniles of manyspecies (Chao et al. 1985, Haimovici et al. 2006)and because of its agro-industrial, tourist and portactivities (Seeliger et al. 1998).Rice production in the region reached morethan eight million tons in 2008 (InstitutoRiograndense de Arroz 2009). The port of RioGrande (the only seaport in the state) processedmore than 21.5 million tons of cargo in 2003 andserved as a port for almost three thousand ships(Superintendência do Porto de Rio Grande 2009).The artisanal fishermen community in theregion, which depends on these resources, fluctuatesaround approximately 3,500 people who are directlyinvolved in fishing (Haimovici et al. 2006), highlightingthe socio-economic importance of theregion.Materials and MethodsClimate ModelsFor future climate projections, we used thefuture scenarios A2 (pessimistic) and B2 (optimistic)of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change(IPCC 2007). The A2 scenario describes a veryheterogeneous world that is characterized by a highdegree of self-sustenance with the identities of localpopulations being preserved. Birth rates in thisscenario continue to be higher than mortality rates,resulting in continuous population growth.Economic development is regionally oriented, andeconomic growth and technological changes aremore fragmented and slower than in other scenarios.The B2 scenario describes a world with anemphasis on local solutions for economic, social andenvironmental sustainability. It is a world with acontinuously growing global population, though at arate lower than in the A2 scenario, and withintermediate levels of economic development.Technological change will be less rapid and morediverse than in scenarios B1 and A1. This scenario isalso more oriented towards environmental protectionand social equality focused on both local andregional processes.From these scenarios, the National Institutefor Space Research (INPE) created thirty-year futureclimate models (2010 to 2040), aimed atunderstanding expected changes in rainfall and localair temperature (Marengo 2007).Time SeriesIn this study, the following time series wereused: rainfall and river flow of the main riverscontributing to the Patos Lagoon basin (Costa et al.in press) (Fig. 2) rainfall (Steinmetz 2007, Costa etal. in press) (Fig. 3) and air temperature in the cityof Pelotas, which is located in the margin of theestuary region (Steinmetz et al. 2007) (Fig. 4).Fishing ResourcesAmong the 28 species that are exploitedthrough fishing in this region, five have historicallybeen the most important: pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeuspaulensis), corvina/whitemouth croaker(Micropogonias furnieri) miragaia/black drum(Pogonias cromis), tainha/grey-mullet (Mugil platanus)and bagre/white sea catfish (Genidens barbus).However, according to the present profile ofartisanal fishing, only three species (pink shrimp,whitemouth croaker and grey-mullet) were selectedfor the study because the black drum and catfishhave been heavily over-exploited and their catchesare no longer significant (Haimovici et al. 2006).Together, the three species represent more than30% of the landings and nearly 45% of therevenue from fishing in this region (Haimovici et al.2006, Castello et al. 2009). Thus, it is possible tocharacterize them as the most important socioeconomicresources of the estuary. As such, it can beassumed that characterizing the impacts on thesethree fisheries is equivalent to characterizingthe impacts on the entire estuarine fishing in theregion.The reproductive peak of the whitemouthcroaker takes place from September to October,with spawning occurring at the mouth of the estuary.The eggs and larvae of this species penetratethe estuary by being passively transported by thecurrent, particularly in late spring and early summer,and come to occupy the shallower marginalareas. As their development progresses, the croakerswill move to the deeper areas of the estuary,and they will return to the sea upon reachingadulthood (Castello 1985, Oliveira & Bemvenuti2006).The grey-mullet also spawns in the open seabetween the coasts of the neighbour states of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina in the late fall andearly winter. Juveniles then migrate to shallowerwaters and enter the estuaries, particularly during thespring. Upon reaching maturity, they return to theocean in shoals, generating the so-called “mulletrace” (Oliveira & Bemvenuti 2006).Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2010), 5(2): 320-330
Potential effects of climate change on fisheries in Patos Lagoon323Figure 2. Rainfall time series (right) in the drainage basin and flow (left) of the main rivers contributing to PatosLagoon. The study period is 40 years (1960 to 2000) for the rainfall series and 90 years (1912 to 2002) for the riverflow series. (Costa et al. in press).Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2010), 5(2): 320-330
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