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198J. L. NICOLODI & R. M. PETERMANNFigure 12. Social risk map of Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro. Graphic forms in purple represent the lack of sewers insubdistrict households. The shortage of garbage collection services is shown in blue. (Adapted from MDZCM, 2008).Figure 13. High vulnerability level in the metropolitan Rio de Janeiro area. The coastal area south of Guanabara Bayhas a low vulnerability.Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2010), 5(2): 184-204
Potential vulnerability of the Brazilian coastal zone199formed in the mountain range recesses, shape a geomorphologicregion of many different ground levelsoccupied by permanent, low density populations.As is common during summer on most ofthe Brazilian coast, beaches that are far frombig cities get a large inflow of temporary population.Therefore, most of this coast does not present ahigh vulnerability level (Fig. 13).The group ofcities near Santos known as Baixada Santista,which includes the Santos bay and estuary, as wellas the surrounding urban areas, contain Brazil’slargest sea port and manufacturing complexes onthe small estuary and coastal plains, which havedeveloped around channels, on the foothills ofSerra do Mar. The region’s high population density,its typical socio-economic features, and itsgeomorphologic configuration of a pronouncedretreat in the crystalline complex, determined, foralmost the entire area, a high vulnerability level(Fig. 14).Figure 14. Baixada Santista and the Santos estuary. A combination of socio-economic, technological andgeomorphologic features resulted in high vulnerability.Another factor that makes the entire regionmore vulnerable is a visible concentration ofmanufacturing facilities between Santos and Macaéwhere there are oil and gas extraction fields,terminals, and pipelines, thermal and nuclear powerplants, and a host of chemicals, metal andmechanical complexes. Furthermore, energyboundaries are being expanded toward the Southcoast, with an increase in oil prospection in theSantos Basin, plus the construction of pipelines, andan expanded chemical industry in Paranaguá.South RegionA scenery of broad amphitheaters is thepredominant geomorphologic feature in theParanaguá Bay region, which includes the coastalarea south of Baixada Santista to Itajaí, on the coastof Santa Catarina state. This segment contains threemajor seaports (Paranaguá, São Francisco do Sul,and Itajaí). These municipalities and/or theirsurroundings have significantly higher populationdensities than the average population per km 2 of theSoutheast coast of Brazil. This mixture oftopographic and population factors, the socioeconomicimportance of these urban centers, plusthe instability factors affecting the shoreline, producemedium to high vulnerability levels (Fig. 15).On the coast of Santa Catarina, the Joinvillearea, the Itajaí Valley, and Greater Florianópolishave very high vulnerability levels, because of theirhigh urban concentrations in areas below 10 metersabove sea level. Floods as those that occurred in1983, 1984, and recently in the November 2008disaster, in which 135 people perished and over 1.5Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2010), 5(2): 184-204
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XIVResearchers from Rede Clima and
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