218L. F. D. FARACO ET ALLITable I. Continued.VulnerabilitycomponentSubsystemAdaptivecapacityFisherfolkAdaptivecapacityFisherfolkSESAdaptivecapacityFisherfolkAdaptivecapacityFisherfolkAdaptivecapacityFisherfolkSensitivity/AdaptivecapacityFisherfolkType ofCapitalFinancialPhysicalSocialFinancialSocialSocialPoliticalHumanSocialPoliticalFinancialSocialIndicatorIncome level,distributionand diversityFishingstrategiesdiversityMarketconnectionsCommunityorganizationAdaptationand learningstrategiesImpacts ofbiodiversityconservationpoliciesInformation collected/analyzedDiversity of income sources; percentage of incomecoming from external/stable sources; dependency rateNumber of fisheries practiced in the village; percentageof fisherfolk that own boats and fishing gears; frequencyof usage of mangrove resourcesNumber of places where fisherfolk trade their products;percentage of those that depend on middlemenExistence and number of community organizations;perception of effectiveness of external help duringcatastrophic events; responses of community duringprevious catastrophic events.Frequency and type of help and exchange of informationinside the community and between communities,regarding livelihood activities; percentage of inhabitantswith knowledge of the threats related to climate changeDistance of villages to no-take protected area; proportionof income of local fisherfolk that comes from mangroveslocated inside no-take PAs; proportion of localinhabitants who abandoned livelihood activities andsuffered restrictions because of PAs.MethodSampling ofsecondary data;household surveysSecondary dataHousehold surveysInterviews with keyinformantsSecondary dataHousehold surveysInterviews with keyinformantsSecondary dataInterviewsDirect observationof forumsFocal groupdiscussionsInterviews; focalgroup discussionsInterviews; focalgroup discussionsData sourceGovernment agencies;scientific publications;fisherfolkGovernment agencies;scientific publications;FisherfolkGovernment agencies;scientific publications;FisherfolkGovernment agencies;scientific publications;FisherfolkFisherfolkFisherfolk; keyinformantsData typeQuantitativeQuantitativeQuantitativeQuantitativeandqualitativeQualitativeandquantitativeQuantitativeandqualitativeScaleLocalLocalLocalLocalLocalLocalPan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2010), 5(2): 205-223
Vulnerability of Mangroves and Fisherfolk219complex reality, this can be useful for comparisonsbetween villages regarding their vulnerability toclimate change, the effects of protected areas and therelative importance of each vulnerability component,which can help in defining management priorities.Furthermore, qualitative information can also beused to guide interpretations of the observedsituation. An important decision for composing avulnerability index is whether each sub-componentshould have a different weight. This demandscareful judgment of the reality being studied. Wepropose to follow the “balanced weighted averageapproach” used in composing the LivelihoodVulnerability Index (Hahn et al. 2009), where eachsub-component contributes equally to the overallindex. This allows for a clear identification of thecontribution of each indicator for the composition ofthe overall vulnerability of a population orecosystem, facilitating comparisons and pointingmanagement actions towards the most relevantsituations.ConclusionsSuch a complex situation as the onedescribed requires adequate management measures,ReferencesAdato, M. & Meinzen-Dick, R. 2002. Assessing theimpact of agricultural research on povertyusing the sustainable livelihood framework.Environment and Production TechnologyDivision Discussion Paper N o . 89, IFPRI(March), Washington, DC, 57 p.Adger, W. N. 2006. Vulnerability. Global EnvironmentalChange, 16: 268-281.Adger, W. N., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C., Carpenter,S. R. & Rockström, J. 2005. Social-EcologicalResilience to Coastal Disasters. Science, 309:1036-1039.Agrawala, S., Ota, T., Risbey, J., Hagenstad, M.,Smith, J., Van Aalst, M., Koshy, K & Prasad,B. 2003. Development and Climate Changein Fiji: Focus on Coastal Mangroves. COM/ENV/ EPOC/ DCD/ DAC (2003)4/ FINAL,Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment, Paris, France, 56 p.Allison, E. H. & Ellis, F. 2001. The livelihoodsapproach and management of small-scalefisheries. Marine Policy, 25(5): 377-388.Almeida, P. M. M., Campos, N. S., Chaves, F. O.,Estrada, G. C. D., Rosado, B. B., Silva, J. E.S. & Soares, M. L. G. 2008. Análise dopadrão de colonização de uma planíciehipersalina por espécies de mangue na regiãodo rio Piraquê, baía de Sepetiba (Rio defocused not only on understanding and managing ofimmediate sources of impact on social andecosystem process, but also on increasing theresilience of SESs so that they can support theseimpacts, especially those derived from globalclimate change. The challenge is to develop newpractices and management policies which allow forthe adaptation of productive systems to change, and,therefore, their viability and sustainability. For thisto be achieved we must acquire sound knowledgeabout the elements that compose the vulnerability toclimate change of the SES formed by mangrovesand fisherfolk and the effects of biodiversityconservation policies on these elements. In thiscontext, interdisciplinary research becomes essentialin the characterization and analysis of the differenttypes of impacts, the social and economic practicesof human populations, and the vulnerability ofecosystems, of the environmental services theyprovide and of coastal populations. A sounddiagnosis may lead to more flexible policies,elaborated with stakeholders’ participation, moreadequate to local realities and more inclusive ofstrategies for mitigation and adaptation to climatechange.Janeiro). III Congresso Brasileiro de Oceanografia,Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. p. 1-4.Alongi, D. M. 2008. Mangrove forests: resilience,protection from tsunamis, and responses toglobal climate change. Estuarine Coastaland Shelf Science, 76: 1-13.Andriguetto Filho, J. M. 1993. Institutional Prospectsin Managing Coastal EnvironmentalConservation Units in Paraná State, Brazil.Eighth Symposium on Coastal and OceanManagement, New Orleans. Coastal zone '93proceedings - ASCE, p. 2354-2368.Andriguetto-Filho, J. M. 1999. Sistemas técnicos depesca e suas dinâmicas de transformação nolitoral do Paraná, Brasil. PhD. Thesis.Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba,Brasil, 242 p.Andriguetto-Filho, J. M. 2003. A mudança técnica eo processo de diferenciação dos sistemas deprodução pesqueira no Litoral do Paraná,Brasil. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente,8: 43-58.Andriguetto-Filho, J. M., Krul, R. & Feitosa, S.2009. Analysis of natural and social dynamicsof fishery production systems in Parana,Brazil: implications for management andsustainability. Journal of Applied Ichthyology,25: 277-286.Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2010), 5(2): 205-223