Tracking Financial Performance Standards of ... - Sa-Dhan

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Tracking Financial Performance Standards of Microfinance InstitutionsTermAccounts PayableAccounts Payable LedgerAccounts ReceivableAccounts Receivable AccountAccounts Receivable LedgerAccounts Receivable TurnoverAccrual BasisAccrualAccrued ExpensesAccrued RevenueAccrued SalariesAccumulated DepreciationAcid-Test RatioAdditionAdequate Disclosure PrincipleAdjusting EntriesAging ScheduleDefinitionThe liability that results from purchasing goods or services on credit.Amountsentities owe suppliers for goods and services. Listed in the current liabilitiessection on the statement of financial position.A subsidiary ledger that lists the individual accounts of creditors. Also calledthe creditors' ledger.The asset arising from selling goods or services on credit to customers. Listedin the current assets section on the statement of financial position.An asset account that shows the total currency (dollar or rupee or pound)amount due from credit customers.A subsidiary ledger containing only accounts of credit customers; also calledthe customers' (debtors) ledger.A measure that indicates how quickly an entity is collecting its accountsreceivable. Calculated by dividing net credit sales by average net accountsreceivable.Method of accounting that recognizes revenue when earned, rather than whencollected. Expenses are recognized when incurred rather than when paid. Thebasis of accounting that requires that revenue is recorded when earned, nomatter when cash is received, and that expenses are recorded when incurred,no matter when cash is paid.An expense or a revenue that gradually increases with the passage of time.Expenses that build up or accumulate during the current period but will notbe paid until the next period. Also called accrued liabilities.Unbilled amountsearned by others during a given period which are not yet dueRevenue that has been earned in the current accounting period but will not bereceived until the next period. Also called accrued assets. Accrued interest isan example from the financial services and micro-finance sectorSalaries that are unpaid (and unrecorded) at the end of an accounting period.Also called accrued wages.Total depreciation pertaining to an asset or group of assets from the time theassets were placed in services until the date of the financial statement. Thetotal depreciation from the start of the life of a physical asset to any point intime.This total is the Contra Account to the related asset account.The ratio of the sum of cash, receivables, and marketable securities to currentliabilities.The ratio of quick assets to current liabilities. A yardstick commonlyused is a 1-to-1 ratio. Also called quick ratio.A capital expenditure that literally adds on to an existing physical asset. Thecost of an addition is debited to the physical asset account.States that financial statements or the explanatory notes and schedules that gowith the statements must disclose all relevant data about the financial positionof an entityEntries made at the end of an accounting period to bring the balances ofcertain accounts up to date.A schedule in which accounts receivable are grouped into age categories andan estimated bad debts rate is applied to each age category.112
Glossary of Financial TermsTermAging the ReceivablesAllowance MethodAmortizationAmortizationAnalytical ProceduresAnnual ReportAnnuityApportionmentAppropriation of RetainedEarningsAppropriationsAssetDefinitionA way of estimating bad debts expense when using the balance sheet approach.The process of analyzing the accounts receivable and classifying them accordingto various age groupings with the due date being the base point for determiningage.A method of accounting for bad debts in which the amount estimated to beuncollectible is established at the end of an accounting period in an adjustingentry. Uncollectible accounts are then written off by debiting Allowance forDoubtful Accounts.The method of accounting for uncollectible receivables,by which advance provision for the uncollectibles is made.Gradual and periodic reduction of any amount, such as the periodic writedown of a bond premium, the cost of an intangible asset or periodic paymentof mortgages or other debt.The periodic write-off of the cost of an intangible asset. The periodic expenseattributed to the decline in usefulness of an intangible asset or the allocationof bond premium or discount over the life of a bond issue.Substantive tests of financial information which examine relationships amongdata as a means of obtaining evidence. Such procedures include: (1) comparisonof financial information with information of comparable prior periods; (2)comparison of financial information with anticipated results (e.g., forecasts);(3) study of relationships between elements of financial information that shouldconform to predictable patterns based on the entity's experience; (4)comparison of financial information with industry norms.Report to the stockholders of a company which includes the company's annual,audited Balance Sheet and related statements of earnings, stockholders' orowners' equity and cash flows, as well as other financial and businessinformation. A report a company publishes for its stockholders at the end ofeach fiscal year. The report includes required elements such as an auditors'report and the company's statement of earnings, statement of financial position,and statement of cash flows. The report also includes elements such as lettersand articles by the company's executives, information on its financial condition,and significant events.Series of payments, usually payable at specified time intervals.The process of dividing operating expenses among departments.A portion of retained earnings earmarked for a specific purpose, such asexpansion or the retirement of debt. The amount appropriated may not beused for cash or stock dividends.The process of authorizing future payments from budgeted income. Onlymoney that is appropriated can be spent.Any item of economic value, either physical in nature (such as land or buildings)or a right to ownership, as expressed in cost or some other value, owned by anindividual or entity. Anything of value. Any interest in real or personal property,which can be appropriated for the payment of debt. Anything companiesown. These things might be physical assets such as buildings, trucks, inventoriesof products, equipment, and cash. Or these things might be intangible assetssuch as goodwill, trademarks, and patents. Listed as a category on the statementof financial position.113
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TECHNICAL TOOL SERIES 1TRACKING FIN
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INTRODUCTION TOMICROFINANCE STANDAR
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5. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS - CONCEPT,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe need of the oper
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