Scandinavian-Britain

THE KINGDOM OF YORK 121the Angles were only beginning to penetrate Clevelandwhen the Vikings invaded and carried on the workof land-settlement much further. Subsequently, weshall see (p. 178) further extension was made by Norsefrom the west coast, as place-names show; but theplace-names alone are far from trustworthy as indicationsof settlement. An analysis of the monumentsshows that in many cases pre-Viking art-workexists at places with Scandinavian names (e.g. KirkbyMoorside, Kirkby Misperton, Kirkdale), while in othercases only Viking Age crosses are found at placeswith names presumably Anglian (e.g. Ellerburn,Levisham, Sinnington, Nunnington). The inferenceis that, in the east of Yorkshire especially, someAnglian sites were depopulated and refounded withDanish names, while others had no importance inAnglian times, but soon became flourishing sites underthe Danes. In the west of Yorkshire the great daleswere already tenanted by the Angles, but the moorsbetween them, and the sites high up the valleys, werenot sites of churches until the Danish period (seefurther in " Anglian and Anglo-Danish Sculpture inthe North Riding," by W. G. Collingwood, Yorks.Arch. Journ., 1907).Yorkshire at Domesday was carucated, and dividedinto Ridings (trithings) and Wapentakes. Thingwallnear Whitby (Canon Atkinson, site lost), Thinghow, nearGuisborough (now lost), and Thinghou, now FinneyHill, near Northallerton (Mr. William Brown, F.S.A.),Tingley near Wakefield, Thingwall near Liverpool,Thingwall in Wirral, may have been Thingsteads.It