Scandinavian-Britain

MAN AND THE ISLES 231and waterfalls being ready made, beck and force werenot needed ; lakes being unknown, there are no tarns ;was littlevillages unfamiliar, as in Cumbria, thorpeused ;the thivaite in itsproper sense being infrequent,and vt%r, the timber-wood, devastated, leaving onlyskogar of copse, these words were not applied, thoughexistent in the language of the settlers. For therest there are many similarities between Manx nomenclatureand Cumbrian :compare Peel with PeelCastle in Furness, etc., Surby with Sowerby, Kirbywith Kirkby, Scarsdale with Scarthgap, Cammall withCamfell; and Fleswick, Colby, Ramsey, Raby, Sulby(Soulby), Kneebe (Knipe), Kirkbride, etc., are identical.Several Manx words are seen in the names bothof Man and Cumbria : korki (oats), cnoc (knock,knoll), parak (parrock, "park," also transplanted toIceland), dob (dub, pool), spooyt (waterfall, as in GillSpout), bayr (Gaelic bothar, Cumbrian "butter" and"bare"), glas (stream, as in Ravenglass), borrane(Gaelic boireand, Cumbrian " borran, burn ") theseare loan-words which suggest the borrowing of languagefrom Man by the settlers in Cumbria as well as bythose on the north of Solway ;and the language wasthe mixed speech of the Gallgael.Turning to the monuments we have resemblanceseven more striking. We have seen that in Cumbriaand in itsneighbourhood there is a series of crossesdating from the end of the tenth to some time in theeleventh century, with carvings illustrating the Edda.At Halton we have Sigurd the Volsung and the same;subject is found at Andreas, Jurby and Malew in Man.