Scandinavian-Britain

194 SCANDINAVIAN BRITAINthe Anglian Bebbingas who mayhave held it beforeHastein's time. A place called Brimstage, ancientlyBrunstath (but not a " staithe ") or Brynston, showsthat stcf&r and tun were convertible terms, "Wellstead,"or "Well-ton." Storeton may be Stor-tiin," big field," or the first element may be from stor&,"coppice," as in Storth, Storthes and Storrs in theLake District. Oxton lying on the saddle of a longridge (pk\ must be " Oks-ttin, the farm on the yoke,"grammatically named. As time went on, secondarysettlements must have been formed, as we saw inLincolnshire. The younger sons of a bbndi, or hisfreedmen, would receive bits of less valuable groundinland. A name like Irby, though in Yorkshire perhapsderived from a settler Ivar, might be Ira-beer, thefarm of the Irishmen, perhaps dependents of the ownerof Thorstein's tun, above which it lies.Raby (similarnames occur in Cumberland, Isle of Man, Lancashireand Denmark,) means a farm on the boundary of, orwedged in between, two greater estates.Around these farmsteads were the acres where theysowed "big and barr," and the pastures recognised by-well and -wall, as Crabwall, Krapp-vollr, "narrowfield"; Thingwall, as already noted, Thing-vellir," parliament fields." Each estate had its woods, suchas Birket (birk-with\ for fuel, and the termination-grave may mean charcoal-pits or turbaries for peat (cf.Kolgrafafjord, Iceland, as well as A.-S. grdf, "grove ").A field that slopes from a hill to a swampis called inIceland thveit / the word " thwaite " in the Lake Districtdenotes more than a mere clearing or cut-off place, and