Scandinavian-Britain

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND 215Keswick superseded was Crosthwaite. Leath Ward isthe district on the HIPS or slope of the hills of Edenside;so Lyth, in the Gilpin Valley, and Liddale, in1292, was spelt Lythdale. Musgrave probably meansthe moss where peat was dug ; Natland, Nateby andNaddale refer to naut^ " neat," cattle ; Orgrave (Ouregrauein Domesday) is a place where iron-ore wasdug at early times; perhaps pre-Norse, but possiblyaur-grof. Raisbeck and Raisthwaite may be socalled from the cairns (hreysar) near them, like DunmailRaise.Rossett and Rosthwaite may refer, likeRusland, to the name of Hrolf, or to hross, a horse,'like Hrossaholt in Iceland. Sawrey and Sowerby are"sour" lands, from saurr. Scafell is the mountainof precipices with chasms in them, perhaps Skora-fell ;Scarthgap is the pass through a notch (skarft)in thehills. Southerfell is the Icelandic Satf&afell> likeFairfield (Farfjall\ the hill where sheep pasture ;Sunbrick (Swenebrec in the fourteenth century) issvina-brekka^ the bank where swine feed. Swarthmoor(svartr) and Sweden (svffitnri)How are places wherethe copse or heather was burnt. Thrimby, in Domesday,is Tiernebi, tjarnabair, the farm of the tarns ? ;Tilberthwaite, in the twelfth century, Tildesburgthwait,the field of the tent-shaped hill (tjaldberg) and ; Torver,the ergh on the peat moss. Ulpha and Ullscarthrecall the fact that wolves roamed the hills ; Warcopand Warwick, Warthole (fibII,a hill)and Warton arenamed from their beacons (varSa). Watendlathwas Wattendland, temp. Richard I. Whale is perhapssimply hvdll, the hill, used as a place-name in Iceland.