Scandinavian-Britain

WALES 183extensive, and complicated into (i) the settlementsin Wales, (2) those in Lancashire and Cheshire,(3) Cumberland and Westmorland, (4) Dumfriesshireand Galloway, (5) Man and the Isles, and (6) theEarldom of Orkney, including the neighbouring mainlandand the Shetland Isles. It is not our object towrite the histories of these six or more provinces orkingdoms,but without some brief reference to thesequence of events it would be hardly possible toexplain the circumstances of the settlements.i. WALES.At the beginning of the Viking Age, Cornwall was"West Wales," and we have s^en how Danes fromIreland tried to get a footing among the natives, butwere overthrown at the battle of Hengston Down.From the many occasions on which Vikings attackedCornwall, Devon, and the neighbouring shires, it couldbe inferred that they left signs of settlement, and it isno surprise to find a church dedicated to St. Olaf inExeter, and another, St. Olave's, at Poughill in Cornwall.But among the many grave-crosses there arefew which can be said with certainty to be of Scandinavianworkmanship. In Mr. A. G. Langdon's volumeon Old Cornish Crosses, Cardynham No. 3, with itschain-ring pattern, seems to be a tenth-century monumentof the Norse type found in Northumbria, andthe Lanivet hogback with the bears presents someresemblances to the bear-hogbacks of Danish type in