Market+Leader+Intermediate+3rd+edition+SB

GRAMMAR REFERENCEII Past simple and present perfectII Noun combinationsPast simple1 We use the past simple to refer to eventsthat took place in the past.A pharmacist called John Pembertoninvented Coco-Colo.'Did you go to Berlin lost week?''Yes, and I met Herr Gnuchtel. '2 We frequently use a time adverb to situatethe event in finished past time.Rolls Royce went bust in 1973.A few years ago, the City Plaza hotel was aleader in its segment of the market.Many people lost a lot of money on thestock market during 2008 and 2009.3 We use the past simple in annual reports todescribe the company's performance overthe last year.Last year was a good year fo r our group.Sales rose by more than 11 %, and wemade substantial gains in market share in anumber of countries.Present perfect1 We use the present perfect to say that afinished past action is relevant now.They have developed a new brand oftoothpaste.The Chairman has recently resigned.2 We use the present perfect when we arethinking of a period of time continuing up tothe present.For over 50 years, Stirling Cars hasdeveloped classic sports cars.Calvin Klein has been one of the leadingfashion designers since the mid-1970s.3 We often use this tense to talk about ourlife experiences.She has had a number of interesting jobs.He's worked fo r a variety of firms.1 We use s to express a relationship betweena person or organisation and anotherperson or thing.Mr Blakes secretaryher husband's car BA 's employeesVolvo's reputationThe '5 very often means that therelationship can be expressed using have.Mr Bloke has a secretary.Volvo has a reputation.2 When two nouns are used together, thefirst noun functions as an adjective anddescribes the second noun.a business cardan office complexa job descriptiona travel agencySometimes three or more nouns occurtogether.a company credit card (a credit card issuedby a company)a management training programme(a training programme designed fo rmanagement)3 Two nouns are joined by of when the ideasare more abstract.the cost of livingindependence of mindthe joy of working and lifelong learning4 Some compound nouns are written as oneword.databaseletterheadanswerphoneheadquarters5 When compound nouns are used with anumber in expressions of measurement, thefirst noun is singular.a six-lane motorway a fo ur-day weekscanned for Paul Jennings147