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8 Catalog of indicators Introduction to the economic subordination of women that is rooted in the economic invisibility of theircontribution in reproductive labor, which is not registered in national censuses nor surveys,and even less in national accounting.On the opposite side, we find "productive works" which do account with social and economicrecognition have historically been seen as men’s main responsibility. The opportunities ofaccess to productive work / labor market depend on many factors and conditions related togender issues, and they have important effects on access and use of resources and servicesby individuals.In most cases, indicators on women's involvement in economic activities do not appear innational level surveys and census. Indicators on women who participate in economic activitiesare crucially important to voice their under-presented involvement in statistic and census.The selected indicators are:1. Employment to population ratio 9. Wage employment by sex and sector2. Labor force participation rate 10. Gender wage gap3. Unemployment rate 11. Feminization index at high positions inPublic Administration4. Long term unemployment 12. Women financial contribution tohouseholds expenditure5. Vulnerable employment 13. Sexual harassment in workplace6. Informal sector employment rate 14. Social perception on household choressharing7. Professional and technical workersby sex15. Proportion of worker with healthinsurance8. Maternal and paternal leave benefit1.4. Limitation and barriersVarious challenges arise in developing methodological tools for measuring change, andindicators are not an exception. The main challenge in developing and selecting indicators formeasuring impact in this catalogue is the lack of methodological tools for measuring change.Subsequently, the main challenge lies in locating the sources and validity (many of therecords are incomplete and do not consider gender differences). At local and national levels,all the methodological issues have not been found or developed for computer data. Variousattempts at international level have been done to define each outcome and impact indicatorsof gender but their interpretation of indicators and methodological issues has not beenproperly developed.
Catalog of indicators Introduction 9 Also diverse terminologies used in various international documents have producedcomplication and confusion, as it requires understanding different conceptions of the worldand terminology.On the other hand, selecting the adequate indicators to be used for measuring changes isalso challenging as it struggles to comply with overlapping measure of internationalstandards. Thus the catalogue tries to harmonize gender indicators at both national andinternational levels; the measurement is performed at national level but taking into account international standards that provide specialized agencies in each area. The comparison can bevery useful to analyze the situation in Cambodia and its proximity to international standards.
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