promoting gender equitable opportunities in agricultural ... - weman

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as employees, entrepreneurs, and leaders.* Moreover,a renewed focus on agriculture has been accompaniedby a reminder of the high participation rates of women indomestically oriented and commercial food productionand of the persistent gender inequalities that hinderprogress.** To address this gap, the GATE projectdeveloped a participatory training program to enhancepractitioners’ understanding of how gender roles andrelations impact value chains and program outcomes.During 2008-2009, the training program was piloted inKenya and in Tanzania.† This Handbook is an outgrowthof those experiences.Building on the growing body of empirical evidence thataddressing gender issues in value chains can improveprogram outcomes, this Handbook presents a practicalprocess for practitioners on how gender issues caninform the design, implementation, and monitoring ofUSAID value chain programs. Influenced by some of theleading USAID value chain development approaches,the Handbook provides a methodology for analyzinghow gender issues constrain or support the ability ofthese programs to achieve their goals.Agriculture includes the science and practice ofactivity related to food, feed, and fiber production,processing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and tradeand includes family and consumer sciences, nutrition,food science and engineering, agricultural economicsand other social sciences, forestry, wildlife, fisheries,aquaculture, floriculture, veterinary medicine, and otherenvironmental and natural resources sciences.A value chain describes the full sequence of activities(functions) required to bring a product or service fromconception, through the intermediary of production,transformation, marketing, and delivery to finalconsumers.PURPOSE OF THEHANDBOOKThis Handbook presents the “Integrating Gender Issuesinto Agricultural Value Chains” (INGIA-VC) approach.It was developed to bring together concepts fromdifferent technical areas in development, specificallygender, agriculture, microenterprise development,and value chains. Written by gender practitioners, itprovides readers with an understanding of agriculturalvalue chains from a gender perspective. The Handbookhelps practitioners become familiar with:✪✪ How gender issues affect agricultural value chains.✪✪ A process for analyzing gender issues inagricultural value chains.✪✪ Strategies for addressing gender issues inagricultural value chains.Who should use the Handbook?The Handbook covers conceptual and practical issues foraddressing gender in agricultural value chains. Becauseit brings together several different technical areas, ithas multiple audiences from gender, agriculture, orvalue chain backgrounds. The Handbook was primarilywritten for a USAID audience, including staff located inBureaus or Missions, and USAID implementing partnerorganizations.Other non-USAID readers may also find it useful asthey approach the subject of gender and value chains,but they should be aware that the particular contentprovided in the Handbook reflects the specific interestsof USAID and therefore may not encompass the fullrange of issues of interest to them.* See Shipman and Kay, Womenomics; Catalyst, “The Bottom Line”; and (The) Economist. “A Guide to Womenomics.”** Other researchers that have been working on the intersection of gender and value chain development include Agri-poor Focus, “Gender in Value Chains: EmergingLessons and Questions”; Mayoux and Mackie, “Making the Strongest Links: A Practical Guide to Mainstreaming Gender Analysis in Value Chain Development”; and IFAD,“Gender and Poverty Targeting in Market Linkage Operations: A Sourcebook.”† The East African trainings were called “INGIA-VC,” where INGIA is an acronym for “Integrating Gender Issues in Agricultural Value Chains.” In Swahili, “ingia” means“to enter,” and one often enters a farm through a gate. Not only does the GATE project represent the entry point for integrating gender into agricultural value chains, butthe training is the process by which attention to gender enters into the program operations. In Kenya, the training was attended by staff members from the Kenya MaizeDevelopment Program (KMDP), the Kenya Dairy Sector Competitiveness Program (KDSCP), and the Kenya Horticultural Development Program (KHDP). In Tanzania, thetraining was attended by staff members from the Smallholder Horticulture Outgrower Promotion (SHOP) Program and the Sustainable Environmental Management throughMariculture Activities (SEMMA) Program. The training reports are available at http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/.7
The writers assume that readers using this Handbookwill have some knowledge of gender issues, agriculture,or value chain development. Nonetheless, it placesgreater emphasis on providing readers formerlyunfamiliar with gender issues with a foundation andprocess for assessing agricultural value chains froma gender perspective. For additional resources ongender, agriculture, or value chains, please see thereference list included in Annex 1.Definitions are provided throughout the text in boxeslike this one.tipsTips, reminders, additional information, and helpfulhints are provided in text boxes like this one.IntroductionTo assist readers, text boxes provide additionalinformation and guidance. Three types of text boxesare used in the Handbook.ExamplesIllustrative project descriptions provide readerswith real examples of projects that havefaced gender issues or addressed them inimplementation. This evidence is presented inboxes like this one.THE GATE PROJECT GENDER AND VALUE CHAIN RESOURCESThe GATE project developed a suite of resources to provide development practitioners with an understanding of andthe tools for addressing gender issues in value chain analysis and development programs. These include:✪✪ Promoting Gender Equitable Opportunities in Agricultural Value Chains: A Handbook✪✪ Kenya Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender in Agricultural Value Chains✪✪ Tanzania Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender in Agricultural Value Chains✪✪ Gender and Pro-Poor Value Chain Analysis: Insights from the GATE Project Methodology andCase Studies✪✪ A Pro-Poor Analysis of the Artichoke Sector in Peru (available in Spanish, with a summary inEnglish)✪✪ A Pro-Poor Analysis of the Shrimp Sector in BangladeshThese are available on the USAID Office of Women in Development website, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/crosscutting_programs/wid/.PROMOTING GENDER EQUITABLE OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS 8
Page 1: PROMOTING GENDEREQUITABLE OPPORTUNI
Page 4 and 5: Curt Carnemark/The World BankACKNOW
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE HANDBOOK 5Purpo
Page 8 and 9: Introductionto the Handbook
Page 12 and 13: ORGANIZATION OFTHE HANDBOOKThe Hand
Page 15 and 16: CHARACTERISTICS OFGENDER EQUITABLEA
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionFrameworkPart I of the
Page 19 and 20: Gender roles are the behaviors,task
Page 21 and 22: PRACTICES ANDPARTICIPATIONIdeas abo
Page 23 and 24: women farm the valley bottomplots i
Page 25 and 26: Scott Wallace/The World BankFramewo
Page 27 and 28: disposition of family land upon the
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2: ILLUSTRATIVE GENDER-BASED
Page 31 and 32: ACCESS TO LANDOwnership, control, a
Page 33 and 34: ACCESS TOWELL-DESIGNEDTECHNOLOGYTec
Page 35 and 36: ENGAGING FARMERSIN AGRICULTURALRESE
Page 37 and 38: HORIZONTALLINKAGESImproving the com
Page 39 and 40: EQUITABLEPARTICIPATIONAND MEMBERSHI
Page 41 and 42: VERTICALLINKAGESThe rationale for v
Page 43 and 44: ox 7THE WOMEN-OWNED AND MANAGED SHE
Page 45 and 46: INCREASINGACCESS TO MARKETINFORMATI
Page 47 and 48: Box 10GENDER PERCEPTIONS CREATE DIS
Page 49 and 50: STRATEGIES1.Identify and address po
Page 51 and 52: EMPLOYMENTAgriculture remains highl
Page 53 and 54: INCREASINGEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESEv
Page 55 and 56: ox 18Curt Carnemark/The World BankF
Page 57 and 58: PROMOTING WOMENENTREPRENEURSAlthoug
Page 59 and 60: Table 3: Gender Equitable Strategie
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Alejandro LipszycThe World BankFram
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IntroductionProcessHOW TO USE THEIN
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Table 4: Summary of ingia-vc proces
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A new component of this project is
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ExportersOf the 272 exporting firms
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SUPPLEMENTARY INTERVIEW DATAThe Twa
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A Producer: Mrs. Oluko is a maize f
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Scott Wallace/The World BankProcess
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Step 1. Identify key groups of acto
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Step 3. Organize and present the da
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FIGURE 3: PASSION FRUIT VALUE CHAIN
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DIMENSION INFORMATION ABOUT WOMEN I
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TABLE 6: SAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM THE
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Continued - PHASE ONE WORKSHEET: OR
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PHASE TWO: FROM GENDERINEQUALITIES
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Step 3. Formulate a cause and effec
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PHASE TWO WORKSHEET: FROM OBSERVED
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Step 1. Hypothesizing the consequen
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PHASE THREE WORKSHEET: ASSESSING TH
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Step 2. Prioritizing constraints.On
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This exercise is important to bette
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EXPLOITATIVE STATUS QUOThis quadran
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PHASE FOUR WORKSHEET: TAKING ACTION
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PHASE FIVE WORKSHEET: DEVELOPING IN
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Measuring Changes in Sex Segmentati
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankProces
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IntroductionConclusionToday, women
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A better quality oflife for womenan
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46. Gladwin, “Gendered Impacts.
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Deininger, Klaus and Lyn Squire.
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Lilja, Nina, Jacqueline Ashby and N
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Gender assessmentA term often used
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UpstreamUpstream in a value chain r
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Dolan, Catherine and Kristina Sorby
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ANNEX 2: ILLUSTRATIVE SCOPE OF WORK
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Annex 3: ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES I
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not usually captured in traditional
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankU.S. A
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