promoting gender equitable opportunities in agricultural ... - weman

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ENTREPRENEURSHIPA focus on women’s critical rolesas producers and agriculturalwageworkers has sometimes beenat the expense of supporting womenagribusiness entrepreneurs. Womenentrepreneurs produce, managebusinesses and households, hireworkers, earn income, borrowand save, and provide a range ofservices for businesses in agriculturalvalue chains. They are a significantentrepreneurial force as owners offarms, input supply stores, servicedelivery businesses, and exportfirms whose contributions to local,box 17national, and global economies arefar reaching. Globally, women leadroughly 38 percent of all registeredsmall businesses (Box 17). 64The enterprising playing field is notequal. Women-owned businesses,despite their strengths, face differentconstraints from men-ownedbusinesses in growing and expandingtheir enterprises. Value chainprograms can help to overcome thebarriers women face in starting theirbusinesses, accessing credit, andnetworking. The result will identify andfoster women-owned businesses intobecoming lead firms and employersat multiple levels of the value chain.Women entrepreneurs are not anundifferentiated mass; a number offactors mediate their access to theWOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A GLOBAL SNAPSHOT✪✪ In Swaziland, women own 70 percent of micro-, small, andmedium enterprises.✪✪ Sixty-four percent of firms employing 10 people or more in Russiaare owned by women.✪✪ Women-owned businesses make up roughly 16 percent of allenterprises in Vietnam, not including jointly owned enterprises.✪✪ In Rwanda, women make up 58 percent of informal businesses and40 percent of formally registered businesses.✪✪ In Latin America, rough estimates suggest women own betweenone-quarter and one-third of all micro-, small, and mediumenterprises.✪✪ In 2004, women-owned businesses accounted for 47 percent ofsmall enterprises in Canada.✪✪ In China, 17 percent of the women-owned small businessesemploy more than 1,000 peopleSources: Gammage et al., “Enhancing Women’s Access to Markets”; IFC,“Voice of Women Entrepreneurs in Rwanda”; Weeks and Seiler, “Women’sEntrepreneurship in Latin America: An Exploration ofproductive resources that facilitatetheir entry into value chains asentrepreneurs. Like men, womenwho have initial endowments of landand financial capital are better poisedto enter markets than their lessasset-wealthy competitors. Womenentrepreneurs with little more thantheir labor to sell are likely to clusterin the informal economy, in smallproduction units that are unregisteredand where they may not pay taxeson income, labor, or capital. Thesesmaller women entrepreneurs facedifferent sets of opportunities andconstraints scaling up their economicactivities and entering new markets.Little sex-disaggregated data onentrepreneurship in agriculture isavailable, except in micro–foodprocessing and trading. Women areoften concentrated in small-scale,retail trading but are less representedas intermediaries or wholesalers (Box18). 65 Within this sector, women tradeparticular commodities, for example,products that are highly perishable. Ineastern Guinea, small-scale womentraders specialize in products withhigh levels of seasonality, while menare more often wholesalers, trading ina larger range of products. 66Donors in recent years are looking morecarefully at women entrepreneurs.The IFC’s Gender Program, forexample, highlights their presencein many sectors and countries andunderscores the persistent genderbasedconstraints they face. Inaddition to the constraints alreadydiscussed in other sections, thissection focuses on access to start-upcapital, perceptions about women inbusiness, and women’s time-povertyand mobility constraints.51
ox 18Curt Carnemark/The World BankFrameworkWOMEN AND MEN IN FOOD PROCESSING AND PETTY TRADINGIN AFRICA✪✪ In Uganda, few women sell food or cash crops,approximately 30 percent and 9 percent, respectively.✪✪ Tanzanian men dominate as urban food traders andwholesalers, representing up to 75 percent of tradersin both activities at the national level. In Dar es Salaam,60 percent of women are mainly self-employed streetvendors, selling fruits, vegetables, and cakes.✪✪ Around Lake Victoria in Kenya, women make up 75percent of the artisanal fishing sector, as processors andtraders.✪✪ Nigerian women make up 68 percent of urban and 78percent of rural informal sector cowpea processors andvendors across 12 states. Men’s involvement increases asthe business grows.Sources: White, Suzanne. “Women’s Employment in the Agro and FoodProcessing Sector: South Asia and East Africa.” WIEGO, April 1999, http://www.wiego.org/papers/white.pdf; GATE, “A Study of the Cowpea Value Chain in KanoState, Nigeria from a Pro-poor and Gender Perspective.” USAID Greater Accessto Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc.(dTS), July 2008, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/eg/gate.html.PROMOTING GENDER EQUITABLE OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS 52
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PROMOTING GENDEREQUITABLE OPPORTUNI
Page 4 and 5: Curt Carnemark/The World BankACKNOW
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE HANDBOOK 5Purpo
Page 8 and 9: Introductionto the Handbook
Page 10 and 11: as employees, entrepreneurs, and le
Page 12 and 13: ORGANIZATION OFTHE HANDBOOKThe Hand
Page 15 and 16: CHARACTERISTICS OFGENDER EQUITABLEA
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionFrameworkPart I of the
Page 19 and 20: Gender roles are the behaviors,task
Page 21 and 22: PRACTICES ANDPARTICIPATIONIdeas abo
Page 23 and 24: women farm the valley bottomplots i
Page 25 and 26: Scott Wallace/The World BankFramewo
Page 27 and 28: disposition of family land upon the
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2: ILLUSTRATIVE GENDER-BASED
Page 31 and 32: ACCESS TO LANDOwnership, control, a
Page 33 and 34: ACCESS TOWELL-DESIGNEDTECHNOLOGYTec
Page 35 and 36: ENGAGING FARMERSIN AGRICULTURALRESE
Page 37 and 38: HORIZONTALLINKAGESImproving the com
Page 39 and 40: EQUITABLEPARTICIPATIONAND MEMBERSHI
Page 41 and 42: VERTICALLINKAGESThe rationale for v
Page 43 and 44: ox 7THE WOMEN-OWNED AND MANAGED SHE
Page 45 and 46: INCREASINGACCESS TO MARKETINFORMATI
Page 47 and 48: Box 10GENDER PERCEPTIONS CREATE DIS
Page 49 and 50: STRATEGIES1.Identify and address po
Page 51 and 52: EMPLOYMENTAgriculture remains highl
Page 53: INCREASINGEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESEv
Page 57 and 58: PROMOTING WOMENENTREPRENEURSAlthoug
Page 59 and 60: Table 3: Gender Equitable Strategie
Page 61 and 62: Alejandro LipszycThe World BankFram
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionProcessHOW TO USE THEIN
Page 65 and 66: Table 4: Summary of ingia-vc proces
Page 67 and 68: A new component of this project is
Page 69 and 70: ExportersOf the 272 exporting firms
Page 71 and 72: SUPPLEMENTARY INTERVIEW DATAThe Twa
Page 73 and 74: A Producer: Mrs. Oluko is a maize f
Page 75 and 76: Scott Wallace/The World BankProcess
Page 77 and 78: Step 1. Identify key groups of acto
Page 79 and 80: Step 3. Organize and present the da
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 3: PASSION FRUIT VALUE CHAIN
Page 83 and 84: DIMENSION INFORMATION ABOUT WOMEN I
Page 85 and 86: TABLE 6: SAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM THE
Page 87 and 88: Continued - PHASE ONE WORKSHEET: OR
Page 93 and 94: PHASE TWO: FROM GENDERINEQUALITIES
Page 95 and 96: Step 3. Formulate a cause and effec
Page 97 and 98: PHASE TWO WORKSHEET: FROM OBSERVED
Page 99 and 100: Step 1. Hypothesizing the consequen
Page 101 and 102: PHASE THREE WORKSHEET: ASSESSING TH
Page 103 and 104: Step 2. Prioritizing constraints.On
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This exercise is important to bette
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EXPLOITATIVE STATUS QUOThis quadran
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PHASE FOUR WORKSHEET: TAKING ACTION
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PHASE FIVE WORKSHEET: DEVELOPING IN
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Measuring Changes in Sex Segmentati
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankProces
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IntroductionConclusionToday, women
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A better quality oflife for womenan
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46. Gladwin, “Gendered Impacts.
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Deininger, Klaus and Lyn Squire.
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Lilja, Nina, Jacqueline Ashby and N
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Gender assessmentA term often used
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UpstreamUpstream in a value chain r
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Dolan, Catherine and Kristina Sorby
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ANNEX 2: ILLUSTRATIVE SCOPE OF WORK
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Annex 3: ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES I
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not usually captured in traditional
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankU.S. A
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