promoting gender equitable opportunities in agricultural ... - weman

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ACCESS TO LABORWomen typically dedicate significantunpaid labor to agricultural incomegeneratingactivities, and in manyplaces, they carry the burden ofdomestic responsibilities as well.Their contribution to producingmarket and food crops is a critical,often unmeasured, labor input inmany value chain programs.Like land, women’s access to labor isoften mediated by their relationshipswith men through marriage andkinship, and they are furtherconstrained in hiring labor by theirrelatively low incomes. Intrahouseholddecision-making plays an importantrole in defining their rights to call onfamilial labor and for shaping howwomen use their own labor. Withoutaccess to additional labor, women’stime-poverty becomes a significantconstraint on productivity.STRATEGIESAssist project participants to work out cooperative labor arrangementsor to use collective resources to overcome labor constraints.box 2In different projects in Tanzania, project participants spoke about findingcreative ways to overcome some of their labor constraints.✪✪ A seaweed cultivation project on the coast helped a producerassociation to get loans from a local bank and to purchase boatsto transport their harvests to the shore instead of carrying them inbags on their heads.✪✪ In a horticultural project, some participants worked on adjacentplots in rotation to help one another meet labor needs. Otherscooperated with neighbors who were not project participants,asking them for help at weeding and harvest times when labor wascritical and helping them on their village plots at other times.Source: INGIA-VC Interviews in Tanzania, April 2009.29
ACCESS TOWELL-DESIGNEDTECHNOLOGYTechnology design that considersgender issues can significantlyenhance on-farm productivityamong smallholders. A recentintergovernmental report concludedthat “a priority task for scientists isto develop technologies that can…reduce the hours of work andincrease income per hour of workfor women.” 33Manual treadle pumps, for example,have been introduced for irrigationand have been successfullyadopted by women in India wherethe newly irrigated fields increasedyields, women’s incomes, and asense of empowerment. 34 Positiveresults were reported in Kenya andin Zambia, but in Zimbabwe, womenreported feeling less comfortablewith the pump operation. Newtechnologies need to be carefullyadapted, refined, or revised, in lightof gender differences, to increasethe likelihood of their adoption. 35STRATEGIESDesign innovative technologies that meet women’s labor needs, particularlythose that ease time constraints and make the work easier.The following key principles are important for the design of women’sfarm tools:✪✪ Weight: Tools should not be too heavy✪✪ Maneuverability: Tools should be easy to control✪✪ Durability: Tools should not wear out quickly✪✪ Repairability: Tools should be easy to repair✪✪ Socially acceptable: Tools, when used, should not harm women’sreputation✪✪ Cost: Tools should affordableSource: IFAD, ”What African Women Farmers Look for in Their AgriculutralImplements.” January 2007, http://www.ifad.org/gender/learning/sector/agriculture/74.htm.FrameworkPROMOTING GENDER EQUITABLE OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS 30
Page 1: PROMOTING GENDEREQUITABLE OPPORTUNI
Page 4 and 5: Curt Carnemark/The World BankACKNOW
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE HANDBOOK 5Purpo
Page 8 and 9: Introductionto the Handbook
Page 10 and 11: as employees, entrepreneurs, and le
Page 12 and 13: ORGANIZATION OFTHE HANDBOOKThe Hand
Page 15 and 16: CHARACTERISTICS OFGENDER EQUITABLEA
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionFrameworkPart I of the
Page 19 and 20: Gender roles are the behaviors,task
Page 21 and 22: PRACTICES ANDPARTICIPATIONIdeas abo
Page 23 and 24: women farm the valley bottomplots i
Page 25 and 26: Scott Wallace/The World BankFramewo
Page 27 and 28: disposition of family land upon the
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2: ILLUSTRATIVE GENDER-BASED
Page 31: ACCESS TO LANDOwnership, control, a
Page 35 and 36: ENGAGING FARMERSIN AGRICULTURALRESE
Page 37 and 38: HORIZONTALLINKAGESImproving the com
Page 39 and 40: EQUITABLEPARTICIPATIONAND MEMBERSHI
Page 41 and 42: VERTICALLINKAGESThe rationale for v
Page 43 and 44: ox 7THE WOMEN-OWNED AND MANAGED SHE
Page 45 and 46: INCREASINGACCESS TO MARKETINFORMATI
Page 47 and 48: Box 10GENDER PERCEPTIONS CREATE DIS
Page 49 and 50: STRATEGIES1.Identify and address po
Page 51 and 52: EMPLOYMENTAgriculture remains highl
Page 53 and 54: INCREASINGEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESEv
Page 55 and 56: ox 18Curt Carnemark/The World BankF
Page 57 and 58: PROMOTING WOMENENTREPRENEURSAlthoug
Page 59 and 60: Table 3: Gender Equitable Strategie
Page 61 and 62: Alejandro LipszycThe World BankFram
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionProcessHOW TO USE THEIN
Page 65 and 66: Table 4: Summary of ingia-vc proces
Page 67 and 68: A new component of this project is
Page 69 and 70: ExportersOf the 272 exporting firms
Page 71 and 72: SUPPLEMENTARY INTERVIEW DATAThe Twa
Page 73 and 74: A Producer: Mrs. Oluko is a maize f
Page 75 and 76: Scott Wallace/The World BankProcess
Page 77 and 78: Step 1. Identify key groups of acto
Page 79 and 80: Step 3. Organize and present the da
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 3: PASSION FRUIT VALUE CHAIN
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DIMENSION INFORMATION ABOUT WOMEN I
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TABLE 6: SAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM THE
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Continued - PHASE ONE WORKSHEET: OR
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PHASE TWO: FROM GENDERINEQUALITIES
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Step 3. Formulate a cause and effec
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PHASE TWO WORKSHEET: FROM OBSERVED
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Step 1. Hypothesizing the consequen
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PHASE THREE WORKSHEET: ASSESSING TH
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Step 2. Prioritizing constraints.On
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This exercise is important to bette
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EXPLOITATIVE STATUS QUOThis quadran
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PHASE FOUR WORKSHEET: TAKING ACTION
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PHASE FIVE WORKSHEET: DEVELOPING IN
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Measuring Changes in Sex Segmentati
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankProces
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IntroductionConclusionToday, women
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A better quality oflife for womenan
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46. Gladwin, “Gendered Impacts.
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Deininger, Klaus and Lyn Squire.
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Lilja, Nina, Jacqueline Ashby and N
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Gender assessmentA term often used
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UpstreamUpstream in a value chain r
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Dolan, Catherine and Kristina Sorby
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ANNEX 2: ILLUSTRATIVE SCOPE OF WORK
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Annex 3: ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES I
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not usually captured in traditional
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankU.S. A
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