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ACCESS TOEXTENSION ANDHIGHER-QUALITYINPUTSWomen continue to be disadvantagedin accessing agricultural extension,whether from government or fromprivate sources, and in learningabout new methods for cultivation,storage, processing, and newproducts to grow. Women are aminority of agricultural extensionagents, constituting only 15 percentof the world’s total, according to theFood and Agriculture Organization(FAO) estimates. 36 Innovativetechniques that are easily accessibleto both women and men are needed,including expanding agriculturalprogramming on radios, introducingfree agricultural information as partof cell phone services, providingtransportation and child care toenable women to attend farmer fielddays, among other options. Linkedto difficulties in finding time andtransportation, women often avoidusing improved inputs because theyare sold or distributed in quantitiestoo large for women to manageeasily.STRATEGIESUse proven communication strategies and appropriate communicationchannels to reach women as well as men with agricultural information,for example✪✪ Hold demonstrations on farmer’s fields✪✪ Make information available free of charge✪✪ Train agricultural extension officers who are men to reach out to womenfarmers✪✪ Hire more agricultural extension officers who are women.Yuri Mechitov/The World Bank31
ENGAGING FARMERSIN AGRICULTURALRESEARCHParticipatory research emergedin the 1970s as a productive wayto enhance adoption of new cropvarieties by smallholders. Bringingwomen into participatory researchefforts ensures that the preferencesof these end users are incorporatedinto the research program.When research and extension arefarmer-led, or when participatoryresearch has a specificempowerment or farmer capacitybuilding element, the processof participating and engaging inresearch can have a significanteffect on farmers’ human and socialcapital, hence creating the basis forsustainable local innovation throughenhancing learning capability andknowledge generation in ruralcommunities. 37STRATEGIES1. Ensure research and dissemination programs are participatory,including both men and women, and offered at convenient timesand locations so that knowledge of key practices will be offered tothose most engaged in production, harvest, and storage processes(Box 3).2. In conducting agricultural research, the following gender issuesshould be considered: access and control over the technology bymen and women and potential displacement of women from incomeearningwork (Box 4).box 3box 4Facilitating Women’s Participation In AgriculturalResearchAnother innovative program has been pioneered by The World VegetableCenter. Its breeding program develops improved seeds for bothindigenous and exotic vegetables. In a carefully designed outreach effort,WVC distributes improved seed in conjunction with on-site residentialtraining programs at their Tanzanian research station and in extensionvisits to women’s groups across Africa. Participants in the program areprovided with small daily stipends or transportation subsidies. Uptake ofthe improved seeds has been sufficient to encourage local private seedcompanies to enter into the supply chain.Source: The World Vegetable Center, http://www.avrdc.org/.Addressing Gender Issues In Agricultural ResearchFrameworkParticipatory breeding efforts have involved women in on-farm trials toidentify their preferences for different characteristics such as length ofthe growing season, cooking qualities, and taste. NERICA (New Rice forAfrica) was developed at the African Rice Center with the help of localfarmers, including many women, who participated in varietal selectionefforts. First, the center planted demonstration plots of the upland ricethat sought to incorporate the higher yields of Asian rice varieties with thedisease resistance and drought tolerance of indigenous African varietiesin village “rice gardens.” Farmers were invited to observe the planting andgrowing process and to sample the harvest, and researchers collectedtheir feedback. In subsequent seasons, farmers, including many women,tested the new varieties. They planted and harvested the test varietieson their own farms, reporting on both its favorable and less desirablecharacteristics. The feedback of local farmers, including women farmers,has helped to increase the popularity of the NERICA varieties, which isnow thought to be planted by over 30,000 farmers in several West Africancountries.Source: “The Warda Annual Report 1999.” Bamako, Mali: Africa Rice Center, 1999,http://www.warda.org/publications/AR99menu.htm.PROMOTING GENDER EQUITABLE OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS 32
Page 1: PROMOTING GENDEREQUITABLE OPPORTUNI
Page 4 and 5: Curt Carnemark/The World BankACKNOW
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE HANDBOOK 5Purpo
Page 8 and 9: Introductionto the Handbook
Page 10 and 11: as employees, entrepreneurs, and le
Page 12 and 13: ORGANIZATION OFTHE HANDBOOKThe Hand
Page 15 and 16: CHARACTERISTICS OFGENDER EQUITABLEA
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionFrameworkPart I of the
Page 19 and 20: Gender roles are the behaviors,task
Page 21 and 22: PRACTICES ANDPARTICIPATIONIdeas abo
Page 23 and 24: women farm the valley bottomplots i
Page 25 and 26: Scott Wallace/The World BankFramewo
Page 27 and 28: disposition of family land upon the
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2: ILLUSTRATIVE GENDER-BASED
Page 31 and 32: ACCESS TO LANDOwnership, control, a
Page 33: ACCESS TOWELL-DESIGNEDTECHNOLOGYTec
Page 37 and 38: HORIZONTALLINKAGESImproving the com
Page 39 and 40: EQUITABLEPARTICIPATIONAND MEMBERSHI
Page 41 and 42: VERTICALLINKAGESThe rationale for v
Page 43 and 44: ox 7THE WOMEN-OWNED AND MANAGED SHE
Page 45 and 46: INCREASINGACCESS TO MARKETINFORMATI
Page 47 and 48: Box 10GENDER PERCEPTIONS CREATE DIS
Page 49 and 50: STRATEGIES1.Identify and address po
Page 51 and 52: EMPLOYMENTAgriculture remains highl
Page 53 and 54: INCREASINGEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESEv
Page 55 and 56: ox 18Curt Carnemark/The World BankF
Page 57 and 58: PROMOTING WOMENENTREPRENEURSAlthoug
Page 59 and 60: Table 3: Gender Equitable Strategie
Page 61 and 62: Alejandro LipszycThe World BankFram
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionProcessHOW TO USE THEIN
Page 65 and 66: Table 4: Summary of ingia-vc proces
Page 67 and 68: A new component of this project is
Page 69 and 70: ExportersOf the 272 exporting firms
Page 71 and 72: SUPPLEMENTARY INTERVIEW DATAThe Twa
Page 73 and 74: A Producer: Mrs. Oluko is a maize f
Page 75 and 76: Scott Wallace/The World BankProcess
Page 77 and 78: Step 1. Identify key groups of acto
Page 79 and 80: Step 3. Organize and present the da
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 3: PASSION FRUIT VALUE CHAIN
Page 83 and 84: DIMENSION INFORMATION ABOUT WOMEN I
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TABLE 6: SAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM THE
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Continued - PHASE ONE WORKSHEET: OR
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PHASE TWO: FROM GENDERINEQUALITIES
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Step 3. Formulate a cause and effec
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PHASE TWO WORKSHEET: FROM OBSERVED
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Step 1. Hypothesizing the consequen
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PHASE THREE WORKSHEET: ASSESSING TH
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Step 2. Prioritizing constraints.On
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This exercise is important to bette
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EXPLOITATIVE STATUS QUOThis quadran
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PHASE FOUR WORKSHEET: TAKING ACTION
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PHASE FIVE WORKSHEET: DEVELOPING IN
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Measuring Changes in Sex Segmentati
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankProces
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IntroductionConclusionToday, women
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A better quality oflife for womenan
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46. Gladwin, “Gendered Impacts.
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Deininger, Klaus and Lyn Squire.
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Lilja, Nina, Jacqueline Ashby and N
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Gender assessmentA term often used
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UpstreamUpstream in a value chain r
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Dolan, Catherine and Kristina Sorby
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ANNEX 2: ILLUSTRATIVE SCOPE OF WORK
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Annex 3: ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES I
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not usually captured in traditional
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Curt Carnemark/The World BankU.S. A
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