promoting gender equitable opportunities in agricultural ... - weman

More documents

Recommendations

Info

INCREASING WOMEN’SPRODUCTIVITYINCENTIVESIntrahousehold dynamics playan important role in determiningallocation of and benefits derivedfrom labor inputs and is relevant toaddressing gender issues withinvalue chains because womendedicate significant unpaid laborto agricultural income-generatingactivities, and in many places,they continue to carry the burdenof domestic responsibilities. Theircontribution to producing marketand food crops is a critical, oftenunmeasured labor input in many valuechain programs. Women’s significantcontributions to agriculture withlittle or no remuneration create fewincentives for them to increase theirproductivity.Examples from the field revealthat women’s lack of incentives tocontribute to agricultural activitiescan have a direct effect on thevolume and quality of the flow ofgoods in a value chain. As describedin Box 5, gendered patterns ofresource allocation within thehousehold can reduce the supply ofraw materials required for processingplants to deliver an adequate supplyof goods to their buyers. As thecase suggests, the issue is not justrelevant to smallholder farms butalso to other actors in the chain thatare dependent on women’s labor.STRATEGIES1. Design distribution mechanisms that reward women’s unpaidlabor.By working with producers and sellers, value chain programs can design paymentschemes that encourage positive change on gender relations and householdincomes, while fostering collaboration among chain actors. For example, thiscould include cash payments and nonmonetary contributions to the householdas explained in. Where payment is delivered to bank accounts, it is important toensure that men and women have access to those accounts, and the projectshould encourage the use of joint bank accounts or ensure that women haveaccess to an individual account without interference from spouses.2.Adopt “farming as a family business” approaches.These approaches aim to foster more cooperative efforts between menand women in planning and managing family farm enterprises to maximizehousehold profits.* Specific topics that should be addressed include:✪✪ Individual time and task allocation✪✪ Family management and budgeting✪✪ Conflict resolutionbox 5GENDERED PATTERNS OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION AFFECTSUPPLY EFFICIENCYIn Eldoret, Kenya, Mace Foods processes African Bird’s Eye (ABE) chili forsale in Kenyan and in European markets. Smallholder farms provide MaceFoods with raw material. Women cultivate the chilies in small gardens,while men deliver the crop to the processing plant and collect payment.Shortly after the purchase of the first crop, decreasing supplies of ABE ledMace Foods to inquire about the on-farm production methods to assessany constraints. It found that married women farmers had abandonedchili production because they were not receiving returns for their labor;spouses were often retaining the proceeds and using them for personalexpenses. Gendered patterns of household labor and resource distributionjeopardized Mace Foods’s ability to meet the buyer’s demand. To increaseincentives for women to produce chili, Mace Foods, with the USAID KenyaHorticulture Development Program (KHDP), designed a payment systemthat included both cash and noncash rewards. Mace Foods distributed apound of sugar, a desirable household commodity, along with the cashpayments.Source: INGIA-VC Interviews in Kenya, September 2008.* See Bishop-Sambrook and Wonani “The household approach as an effective tool for gender empowerment,” “Upgrading Cocoa Farming in Ecuador” Available at http://www.acdivoca.org/acdivoca/PortalHub.nsf/ID/FeatureEcuadorCocoa, and “Farming as a Family Business” Available at http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/snapshot/africa/kenya/kenya_ag_me.html33
HORIZONTALLINKAGESImproving the competitivenessof agricultural value chains indeveloping countries relies onincreasing efficiency at all levelsof the chain. As markets haveliberalized and expanded acrossregional and national boundaries,leading firms have increasinglydominated the agricultural market,setting standards for productquantity, quality, size, and othercharacteristics. To deal moreeffectively with these lead firms, andto upgrade their own contributionsto value chain operations, manyactors are building horizontallinkages to improve their positionswithin the chain.FrameworkHorizontal linkages are defined as:longer-term cooperativearrangements among firmsthat involve interdependence,trust and resource pooling inorder to jointly accomplishcommon goals. . . . Interfirmhorizontal linkagescan contribute to sharedskills and resources andenhance product qualitythrough common productionstandards. Such linkagesalso facilitate collectivelearning and risk sharing whileincreasing the potential forupgrading and innovation. 38Dominic Sansoni/The World BankHorizontal linkages include memberorganizations at each level of thevalue chain, such as producerassociations, cooperatives, andbusiness associations. Horizontal34
Page 1: PROMOTING GENDEREQUITABLE OPPORTUNI
Page 4 and 5: Curt Carnemark/The World BankACKNOW
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE HANDBOOK 5Purpo
Page 8 and 9: Introductionto the Handbook
Page 10 and 11: as employees, entrepreneurs, and le
Page 12 and 13: ORGANIZATION OFTHE HANDBOOKThe Hand
Page 15 and 16: CHARACTERISTICS OFGENDER EQUITABLEA
Page 17 and 18: IntroductionFrameworkPart I of the
Page 19 and 20: Gender roles are the behaviors,task
Page 21 and 22: PRACTICES ANDPARTICIPATIONIdeas abo
Page 23 and 24: women farm the valley bottomplots i
Page 25 and 26: Scott Wallace/The World BankFramewo
Page 27 and 28: disposition of family land upon the
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2: ILLUSTRATIVE GENDER-BASED
Page 31 and 32: ACCESS TO LANDOwnership, control, a
Page 33 and 34: ACCESS TOWELL-DESIGNEDTECHNOLOGYTec
Page 35: ENGAGING FARMERSIN AGRICULTURALRESE
Page 39 and 40: EQUITABLEPARTICIPATIONAND MEMBERSHI
Page 41 and 42: VERTICALLINKAGESThe rationale for v
Page 43 and 44: ox 7THE WOMEN-OWNED AND MANAGED SHE
Page 45 and 46: INCREASINGACCESS TO MARKETINFORMATI
Page 47 and 48: Box 10GENDER PERCEPTIONS CREATE DIS
Page 49 and 50: STRATEGIES1.Identify and address po
Page 51 and 52: EMPLOYMENTAgriculture remains highl
Page 53 and 54: INCREASINGEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESEv
Page 55 and 56: ox 18Curt Carnemark/The World BankF
Page 57 and 58: PROMOTING WOMENENTREPRENEURSAlthoug
Page 59 and 60: Table 3: Gender Equitable Strategie
Page 61 and 62: Alejandro LipszycThe World BankFram
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionProcessHOW TO USE THEIN
Page 65 and 66: Table 4: Summary of ingia-vc proces
Page 67 and 68: A new component of this project is
Page 69 and 70: ExportersOf the 272 exporting firms
Page 71 and 72: SUPPLEMENTARY INTERVIEW DATAThe Twa
Page 73 and 74: A Producer: Mrs. Oluko is a maize f
Page 75 and 76: Scott Wallace/The World BankProcess
Page 77 and 78: Step 1. Identify key groups of acto
Page 79 and 80: Step 3. Organize and present the da
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 3: PASSION FRUIT VALUE CHAIN
Page 83 and 84: DIMENSION INFORMATION ABOUT WOMEN I
Page 85 and 86: TABLE 6: SAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM THE
Page 87 and 88:
Continued - PHASE ONE WORKSHEET: OR
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
PHASE TWO: FROM GENDERINEQUALITIES
Page 95 and 96:
Step 3. Formulate a cause and effec
Page 97 and 98:
PHASE TWO WORKSHEET: FROM OBSERVED
Page 99 and 100:
Step 1. Hypothesizing the consequen
Page 101 and 102:
PHASE THREE WORKSHEET: ASSESSING TH
Page 103 and 104:
Step 2. Prioritizing constraints.On
Page 105 and 106:
This exercise is important to bette
Page 107 and 108:
EXPLOITATIVE STATUS QUOThis quadran
Page 109 and 110:
PHASE FOUR WORKSHEET: TAKING ACTION
Page 111 and 112:
PHASE FIVE WORKSHEET: DEVELOPING IN
Page 113 and 114:
Measuring Changes in Sex Segmentati
Page 115 and 116:
Curt Carnemark/The World BankProces
Page 117 and 118:
IntroductionConclusionToday, women
Page 119 and 120:
A better quality oflife for womenan
Page 121 and 122:
46. Gladwin, “Gendered Impacts.
Page 123 and 124:
Deininger, Klaus and Lyn Squire.
Page 125 and 126:
Lilja, Nina, Jacqueline Ashby and N
Page 127 and 128:
Gender assessmentA term often used
Page 129 and 130:
UpstreamUpstream in a value chain r
Page 131 and 132:
Dolan, Catherine and Kristina Sorby
Page 133 and 134:
ANNEX 2: ILLUSTRATIVE SCOPE OF WORK
Page 135 and 136:
Annex 3: ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES I
Page 137:
not usually captured in traditional
Page 140 and 141:
Curt Carnemark/The World BankU.S. A
show all

promoting gender equitable opportunities in agricultural ... - weman

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?