SOIL Report 2011 - ACCESS Development Services

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Reflections on Livelihoods Policies 83The target constituency is further classifiedin categories like BPL, SC, ST andminorities. Many livelihood programmestarget BPL HHs, like the PDS, IGNOAPS,Antyodaya, JSY and so on. There are someprogrammes like ICDS and MGNREGA thatare self selecting, and not limited to BPLfamilies. Similarly, there are specific programmesfor SCs, STs and minorities, whichare not limited to BPL families. So perhapsthe first step in any indexing procedureshould be to define the target constituency.A constituency thus defined may look likethe following:JSY : pregnant women of all BPLfamilies irrespective of caste,ethnicity and religionICDS : all children between 0 to 6years of age, irrespective ofcaste, ethnicity and religionMDM : all school-going children ofprimary and upper-primarygovernment schools, andaided schools but not privateschools or coverage ofschools only irrespective ofnumber of studentsMGNREGA : all rural households willing todo manual unskilled labourThe second aspect is to consider thegeographical areas. For those livelihoodsschemes that are pan-Indian, this may be ablock, a district or a state. The reason beingthat much data is desegregated at the blocklevel, and some is available only at a districtlevel. So the geography can be determined,depending on the level at which the primarydata is collected.The third aspect is to decide the periodunder review. It may be practical to considera year and preferably a financial yearto conduct the computation. However,ideally, subject to availability of resourcesand if possible, it should be done at evenshorter intervals.The fourth aspect is about defining coverage.Coverage is defined as the numberof constituents registered under the programme.For MGNREGA, it is the numberof HHs having a job card; for JSY, thenumber of BPL women having a JSY card;for IGNOAPS, the number of personsincluded in the official list; for PDS, thenumber of HHs having a PDS card andfor MDM, the number of schools broughtunder the MDM programme.The fifth issue is about defining theservice. In case of MDM it’s apparently asimple, cooked mid day meal. However,it is possible to ask if the quantum and themeal components are as stipulated. ForMGNREGA, for example, the service may bedefined as being given job cards, getting 100days of work, per HH in a year, and gettingpaid for the work. Similarly, for IGNOAPS,the service may be defined as the inclusionof the name in the IGNOAPS beneficiarylist and getting a pension as stipulated forall the 12 months.The sixth issue is determining a method tocompute and index the service coverage fora target constituency for a given scheme forthe service(s) defined. Let us assume thetarget constituency is called A. The numberof such constituencies in a district isN. So the total target constituency is NA.Now let us consider the time period is onefinancial year. And coverage is defined as thenumber of constituencies that are includedin the programme in terms of registration.So in case of JSY the coverage is those BPLpregnant women who have been issued theJSY Card; for MGNREGA, those who have ajob card; for MDM, those schools that areregistered under it and for IGNOAPS, thosewhose names are in the official list. Let ussay that the coverage number in a district isB. Now comes the tricky part of determininghow to compute the service. We couldpropose that a three-level service inclusionbe defined, as those who got the minimallevel, those who got the middle level andthose who got the maximum level. ForMGNREGA, this may mean the number ofpersons who got work (minimal level), andthe number of persons who got work and
84 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2011got paid for 100 days in a year (maximumlevel). This may alternatively be called thedegree of service.So if the coverage is C = B*100/NA, andwe have a minimal degree of service as Wm,and maximum degree of service is Wx, thenthe percentage of C getting covered by Wmand the percentage of C getting coveredby Wx over a year is the value of coverageand the degree of service. This may then beindexed to 100 for coverage, a minimumdegree of service and a maximum degreeof service.3.6. SECTION VII—ConclusionLivelihood policies in India encompass abroad variety of thematic areas, with focuson large-scale transfer of goods and services,and creating conducive conditions foraugmenting livelihoods. The focus has remainedlargely fixed on the poor, with itsusual challenges of identification, leakageand lack of accountability. New and emergingtrends are geared towards inclusion,entrepreneurship, skills formation, gradualshift from goods and services to cash, citizenparticipation and better governance.Though, the issue of land, in shaping ourdevelopment agenda, continues to be ofparticular concern.There is a certain disquietude, even overthe affirmative action of the state, about thegovernment’s capacity to deliver, which isincreasingly getting manifested in poorfunctioning of the state systems, delays andineffectiveness, and loosening control ofthe lower arms of the governments. A newcategory is now being invented in the Westto describe the state of India, as a ‘FlailingState’ (Pritchett 2011), where quality, capacity,intent and desires for social–economictransformation though strong at the upperlevel, have no control over its developmentarmy at the lower levels.There is one trend that can reinstate ourhope in change for the better. The Indianelectorate is maturing day by day, and all thesigns point towards it seeking less rhetoricand better performance on the ground.And the second is the hope placed on theemerging civil society that has already demonstratedits might. These two together areour hope for the future.ReferencesBanerji, Devika. 2011. Farm schemes to have statesin lead role in XIIth plan. The Economic Times,23 May.Business Standard. 2011. Quoting U. Singh Deo’sstatement in Orissa Assembly. Business Standard,18 March, p. 3, column 3–4.CAG. 2010. Report of the Task Group on Social Audit,pp. 7–10, submitted to the India Parliament on24 October.CBGA (Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability).2011. ‘Study of Budget 2011’. New Delhi:CBGA.Dreze, Jean. 2010. Middle class has lost track of howpoor the country is. Interview with Tahelka.com,6 November.———. 2011. The cash mantra. Indian Express, 11 May.Dutta, P. 2010. Small but effective: India’s targetedunconditional cash transfers. Economic & PoliticalWeekly 45 (52), 25 December.Government of India. 1996. Report of the expert committeeon small enterprises, chaired by Prof AbidHussein.Gupta, M. 2010. Panel Report. 18 October 2010.Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) 2010.Guidelines, p. 1, 24 December. Ministry of RuralDevelopment, Government of India.Ministry of Labour. 2009. National Policy onSkill Development, p. 3. Ministry of Labour,Government of India.Mukhopadhyay, P. 2008. More on direct cash transfers.Economic & Political Weekly 43 (47), 27November.NAC (National Advisory Council). 2010. Communicationsto the Government, 23 October.National Commission. 2007. Report of the NationalCommission for enterprises in unorganized sector,2006–2007.NCEUS. 2006a. Report on Conditions of Work andPromotion of Livelihoods in Informal Sector. pp. 4and 6, submitted to Government of India in2006–07.———. 2006b. 11th Plan Approach Paper, p. 29.Planning Commission, Government of India.———. 2006c. 11th Plan Approach Paper, p. 60.Planning Commission, Government of India.———. 2007. Poverty estimates of 2004–2005. Pressrelease by PIB, March.NPSD (National Policy on Skill Development). 2009.Formulated by the Ministry of Labour andEmployment, approved by the Cabinet in itsmeeting held on 23 February 2009.
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
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List of Tables1.1 Growth rate of Gr
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List of Figures1.1 Pattern of GNP a
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List of Boxes1.1 India a country of
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List of Abbreviations3PLADBAEPSAICT
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List of AbbreviationsxvMKSSMoEFMoRD
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PrefaceACCESS has been bringing out
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Prefacexixbring out yet another vol
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AcknowledgementsA lot of work, ener
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State of India’sLivelihoods 2011:
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State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
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Livelihoods of the PoorIt is now co
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Livelihoods of the Poor 19of employ
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Livelihoods of the Poor 21significa
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Livelihoods of the Poor 23last two
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Livelihoods of the Poor 25Figure 2.
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Livelihoods of the Poor 27If person
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Livelihoods of the Poor 29Figure 2.
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Livelihoods of the Poor 31Table 2.3
Page 56 and 57: Livelihoods of the Poor 33home-base
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Page 60 and 61: Livelihoods of the Poor 37on their
Page 62 and 63: Livelihoods of the Poor 39Early exp
Page 64 and 65: Livelihoods of the Poor 41(Chintan
Page 66 and 67: Livelihoods of the Poor 43A study b
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Page 72 and 73: Livelihoods of the Poor 49dispropor
Page 74 and 75: Livelihoods of the Poor 51Figure 2.
Page 76 and 77: Livelihoods of the Poor 53make an i
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Page 80 and 81: Reflections onLivelihoods Policies3
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Page 152 and 153: Potential andPossibilities6.1. Intr
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Potential and Possibilities 133thro
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Potential and Possibilities 135•
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Potential and Possibilities 137get
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Potential and Possibilities 139welf
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Potential and Possibilities 141resp
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Potential and Possibilities 143the
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Potential and Possibilities 145SN C
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Potential and Possibilities 147infr
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Potential and Possibilities 149Saxe
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About the Editorsand ContributorsTh
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