SOIL Report 2011 - ACCESS Development Services

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Livelihoods of the Poor 55and sanitation facilities (indicating poormicroenvironment); their earnings andexpenditures are on a daily and not monthlybasis; their annual income is not more than`45,000 and their average monthly expenditureis around `2,600.There is evidence that in some regionsthe private health services sector is setting uphealth related infrastructure not serviced byit until now, and the public health hospitalsare improving their capacities (in the wakeof expected revenues from the demand byRSBY enrolees). In areas where health infrastructureexists, the poor now have a greaternumber of hospitals to choose from foraccessing in-patient care. The OOP expensesof the poor have reduced. While in KeralaRSBY poor patients on an average spent sixtimes less than the poor non-RSBY, in otherplaces too there is a difference of at least`1,000 per hospitalization. These includethe OOP expenses on medicines and diagnosticsduring hospitalization. Beneficiariesshow very high levels of satisfaction with thehospital services, and less than 5 per cent ratethe services as poor. Also, more than 80 percent of those hospitalized confirm that theirhealth has improved.2.7. Concluding remarksThe gap between the jobs generated and newentrants in addition to the numbers alreadyunemployed or underemployed (includingjobless youth and women dropouts) doesnot show any sign of reducing at a greaterrate. Jobs are not being generated in largenumbers in agriculture and allied sector, orin the rural non-farm sector. The rural poorseeking work are either forced to eke out aliving in the rural areas from an agriculturesector breaking at its seams, or migrate tojoin the millions of other poor in urbantowns, cities and metros. In either casewhether the poor work in cities or in ruralareas the poor continue to be employedin low-paying, low-productivity jobs withlittle or no social protection in the everburgeoninginformal sector. In such asituation when they suffer shocks such asglobal slowdown, inflation and naturalor manmade disasters, their livelihoodsbecome even more precarious. A substantialpercentage of the population of thiscountry remains hungry, sick, in poorhousing and unsanitary microenvironments.Malnutrition, morbidity and diseasecontinue to compound the situation of thealready fragile livelihoods. These conditionsof the poor have persisted in spite of thephenomenal growth in the past few years.The poor in India continue to look forsuccour from the welfare and social protectionprogrammes of the ‘maybaap sarkar’.But the government welfare spending isunlikely to increase in the light of perniciousinflation. The Government of India has beenunable to secure the livelihoods of the poorthrough its present policies. The attainmentof the much-touted slogan ‘inclusivegrowth’ seems a distant dream.ReferencesAlam, Moneer, and R.P. Tyagi in Consultationwith Anup Karan. 2009. A Study of Out ofPocket Household Expenditure on Drugs andMedical Services: An Exploratory Analysis ofUP, Rajasthan and Delhi. Report submitted toPlanning Commission.Anant, T., and R. Mehta. 2011. Has employmentfallen in India? Livemint.com. Mint, 30 June,New Delhi.Banerjee, Nirmala. 2010. Integrating gender intothe new employment policy. ILO-Asia PacificWorking Paper Series. ILO, Sub-regional Officefor South Asia, New Delhi.Basu, Kaushik. 2010. The Economics of FoodgrainManagement in India. Ministry of Finance,Government of India.Chandrasekar, C.P., and Jayati Ghosh. 2011. LatestEmployment Trends in NSSO. The HinduBusiness Line, 12 July. Available at http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/cp-chandrasekhar/article2219107.eceChintan (Chintan Environmental Research and ActionGroup). 2009. Scrap Crash. New Delhi: ChintanEnvironmental Research and Action Group.Deaton, Angus, and Jean Dreze. 2008. Nutrition inIndia: facts and interpretations. Working Paper1071, Princeton University.
56 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2011Deccan Herald. 2011. RSBY extended to all of State.Deccan Herald, 25 August. Available at http://www.deccanherald.com/content/173108/rsbyextended-all-state.htmlDev, S. Mahendra. 2010. Rising food prices andfinancial crises in India: Impact on women andchildren and ways to tackle the problem. WorkingPaper No. 3, IHD-UNICEF Working Paper Series,Children of India: Rights and Opportunities.Dev, S. Mahendra, and M. Venkatnarayana. 2011.Youth employment and unemployment in India.Available at http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2011-009.pdfEconomic & Political Weekly. 2011. Don’t shootthe messenger. Economic & Political WeeklyXLVI (28).Ghose, A. 2010. India’s employment challenge. TheIndian Journal of Labour Economics 53 (4).Ghosh, Jayati, and C. Chandrasekar. 2011. Latestemployment trends in NSSO. Business Line,12 July.Horn, Zoe. 2011. Coping with Crises: LingeringRecession, Rising Inflation, and Informal Workforce.A Sythesis Report, Inclusive Cities Study, Womenin Informal Employment: Globalizing andOrganizing (WIEGO).International Labour Organization. 2010. Box 2,Why focus on youth? Global employmenttrends for youth. Geneva: International LabourOrganization.Ivanic, M., W. Martin, and H. Zamman. 2011.Estimating the short-run poverty impacts of the2010–11 surge in food prices. Policy ResearchWorking Paper 5633, World Bank.Kapoor, Astha. 2009. Diamonds are for never: Theimpact of the economic crisis and coping mechanismin the diamond polishing industry in India.Research paper, International Institute of SocialStudies, The Netherlands.Lalmalsawma, David. 2011. Bholanath doesn’tcare much for India’s growth story. Reuters.26 January. Available at http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/26/us-india-inflationidUKTRE70P1PO20110126Mahendra, Dev S., and M. Venkatnarayana. 2011.Youth employment and unemployment inIndia.Working paper, Indira Gandhi Instituteof Development Research.Mazumdar, Dipak, and Sandip Sarkar. 2008. Globalization,Labour Markets and Inequality in India.London and New York: Routledge.Mitra, A. 2008. The Indian labour market: An overview.ILO-Asia Pacific Working Paper Series,International Labour Organization.MSSRF (M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation).2010. Report on the State of Food Insecurity inUrban India. MSSRF, Chennai, India.Munjal, Poonam. 2010. Inflation and its impact: TheDistinct perspective. Economy View. CRISILRatings, May.NSSO. 2010. Housing Conditions and Amenities in India2008–09. NSS 65th Round, July 2008–June 2009,NSSO, Government of India.———. 2011. Key indicators of employment andunemployment in India. NSS 66th Round, July2009–June 2010. NSSO, Government of India.Raveendran, G. 2010. Contribution of women to thenational economy. ILO-Asia Pacific WorkingPaper Series. ILO, Sub-regional Office for SouthAsia, New Delhi.Reserve Bank of India. 2011. Section II: EconomicReview. Annual Report Part I: The Economy Reviewand Prospects. Available at http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/7IIECORE240811.pdfRSBY. 2010. Towards alternative health financing: Theexperience of RSBY in Kerala. RSBY WorkingPaper No. 4, August. Available at http://www.rsby.gov.in/Documents.aspx?ID=14Rustagi, Preeti. 2010. Employment trends for womenin India. ILO-Asia Pacific Working Paper Series.ILO, Sub-regional Office for South Asia, NewDelhi.Saxena, N.C. 2009. Call to action: Hunger, undernutritionand food security in India. CLRA PolicyBrief for Parliamentarians, Centre for LegislativeResearch and Advocacy (CLRA), New Delhi,India.Selvaraj, Sakthivel, and Anup K. Karan. 2009. Deepeninghealth security in India: Evidence fromNational Sample Surveys since 1980s. Economic& Political Weekly XLIV (40): 55–60.Sen, Gita. 2010. Equity and health in an era ofreforms. 4th Krishna Raj Memorial Lectureon Contemporary Issues in Health and SocialSciences. CEHAT/Anusadhan Trust, Mumbai,9 April. Available at http://www.slideshare.net/essadmin/eq-healthsenSinha, Shalini. 2010. Global crisis, domestic impact:Impact of the global crisis on the Indian labourmarket. Draft version.Swarup, Anil. 2011. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana(RSBY): The Evolving Scenario. Available athttp://www.rsby.gov.in/Documents.aspx?ID=14Swarup, Anil, and Nishant Jain. 2011. RashtriyaSwasthya Bima Yojana. In Sharing innovative experiences:Successful social protection floor experiences,259–69. New York, USA: Global South-SouthDevelopment Academy, UNDP.UNICEF. 2011. The situation of children in India: Aprofile. New Delhi: UNICEF.WHO. 2010. World health statistics. Geneva, Switzerland:WHO.World Bank. 2010. India’s employment challenge:Creating jobs, helping workers. New Delhi, India:Oxford University Press.
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
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List of Tables1.1 Growth rate of Gr
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List of Figures1.1 Pattern of GNP a
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List of Boxes1.1 India a country of
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List of Abbreviations3PLADBAEPSAICT
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List of AbbreviationsxvMKSSMoEFMoRD
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PrefaceACCESS has been bringing out
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Prefacexixbring out yet another vol
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AcknowledgementsA lot of work, ener
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State of India’sLivelihoods 2011:
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State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
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Page 40 and 41: Livelihoods of the PoorIt is now co
Page 42 and 43: Livelihoods of the Poor 19of employ
Page 44 and 45: Livelihoods of the Poor 21significa
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Page 48 and 49: Livelihoods of the Poor 25Figure 2.
Page 50 and 51: Livelihoods of the Poor 27If person
Page 54 and 55: Livelihoods of the Poor 31Table 2.3
Page 56 and 57: Livelihoods of the Poor 33home-base
Page 58 and 59: Livelihoods of the Poor 35(13.4 mil
Page 60 and 61: Livelihoods of the Poor 37on their
Page 62 and 63: Livelihoods of the Poor 39Early exp
Page 64 and 65: Livelihoods of the Poor 41(Chintan
Page 66 and 67: Livelihoods of the Poor 43A study b
Page 68 and 69: Livelihoods of the Poor 45systemati
Page 70 and 71: Livelihoods of the Poor 47and sanit
Page 72 and 73: Livelihoods of the Poor 49dispropor
Page 76 and 77: Livelihoods of the Poor 53make an i
Page 80 and 81: Reflections onLivelihoods Policies3
Page 82 and 83: Reflections on Livelihoods Policies
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State as the Largest Livelihoods Pr
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State as the Largest Livelihoods Pr
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Private Industry andServices—What
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Private Industry and Services—Wha
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Potential andPossibilities6.1. Intr
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Potential and Possibilities 131and
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Potential and Possibilities 133thro
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Potential and Possibilities 135•
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Potential and Possibilities 137get
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Potential and Possibilities 139welf
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Potential and Possibilities 141resp
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Potential and Possibilities 143the
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Potential and Possibilities 145SN C
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Potential and Possibilities 147infr
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Potential and Possibilities 149Saxe
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About the Editorsand ContributorsTh
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