SOIL Report 2011 - ACCESS Development Services

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Reflections on Livelihoods Policies 59households (HHs) and fiscal consolidationwhich are necessary determinants of theprogress of an economy, it also explicitlyrecognized the challenge of including allsections of the population in this growthpathway.Agriculture poses the gravest of challenges,and is in urgent need of revivalthrough new policy initiatives of water,land reforms, credit, insurance, price control,land improvement and diversification.The industrial growth also faces manifoldchallenges in terms of lack of generation ofappropriate skills, financing and creationof supportive infrastructure. Improvingenvironment and biodiversity, universalizingjoint forest management (JFM) andimplementation of Forest Rights Act 2006(FRA) are other priorities.While the canvas of policy is vast andcomplex, ‘inclusive growth’ has been renderedin the Plan in the form of particularschemes and services: reorienting IntegratedChild Development Services (ICDS), withmore emphasis on pre-school education,reducing dropout rates of schools, substantiallyimproving educational attainmentsat schools, universalizing Mid Day Meals(MDMs) and new initiatives for childlabour and migrant labour. Emphasis hasbeen placed on vocational education leadingto skill formation, in which directionthe country has far to go. Adult literacyand health were other major agendas underthe 11th Plan. NRHM sought to integrateall kinds of health services like preventivehealth care, secondary and tertiary healthcare, water and sanitation, vector control,curative health care and alternative systemsof medicine.The national targets set under the 11thFive Year Plan and its achievements asobserved in the mid-term appraisal (MTA)are presented later. This is compiled byculling the data from each sector in MTAand putting it across the national targets ofthe 11th Plan. As the 11th Five Year Planends in March 2012, a fuller understandingof its achievements will only be possible ata later date. So our understanding of theachievements (and failures) of the 11th FiveYear Plan will be based on the MTA reportsubmitted in 2009.A reading of the MTA shows that manyof the targets set in the 11th Plan documents(pages 23–24 of the 11th Plan document)have not been measured in terms ofachievements. Indeed we have MTA dataonly for 9 out of 27 national parametersset out in the Plan; for some sectors likeinfrastructure, there is no data at all. Instead,only investments have been discussed, notoutputs and outcomes. In every sector, someof the declared national targets could notbe measured, either due to non-availabilityof data, or due to un-smart indicatorswhich were not defined by an objective andmeasurable data which can be collected innational surveys.Table 3.2 shows the progress as recordedin MTA on the national targets set by the11th Five Year Plan on the basis of the firstthree years of progress. It clearly revealsthe enormous gap in available data. It hasbeen clearly stated where no data could befound.The central message of the MTA is:1. Agriculture must grow at 4 per cent forthe next few years.2. There is a major concern for the manufacturingsector that it is growing at 3per cent only.3. PM’s Task Force (TF) recommendationon MSME must be implemented immediately.4. Poverty estimates need to be revised.5. The number of dropouts and verylow educational outcomes are majorconcerns.6. Major emphasis on skill education mustcontinue.7. Health expenditure must reach around2 to 3 per cent in the near future.
60 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2011Table 3.2: National objectives of the 11th Plan and progress as per the MTA11th Plan national parameters 11th Plan target Information on progress as per the MTAGrowth and employment• GDP Growth• Agriculture GDP growth• Job creation• Reduction in educated unemployment to• Increase in real wage by• Reduce Head Count Ratio byEducation• Reduce drop out to• Reduce gender gap by• Increase literacy to• Increase cohort going to college by• Determining standards of educationalattainmentsHealth• Reduce IMR to• Reduce MMR to• Reduce total fertility to• Clean drinking water to• Reduce 0–3 malnutrition to• Reduce anaemia byWomen and child health• Improve 0–6 sex ratio to• Direct and indirect beneficiaries of all govtprogrammes• Safe childhood toInfrastructure• Ensure electricity to villages• Ensure electricity to BPL• Rural roads to 1,000 population habitation• Telephone connectivity to• Broadband connectivity to• Provide homestead sites toEnvironment• Increase forest cover by• WHO standards of air quality• Treat urban wastes• To increase energy efficiency bySource: MTA Report of Planning Commission.9 per cent4 per cent58 million5 per cent20 per cent10 per cent20 per cent10 per cent85 per cent15 per centNo indicator28 per cent1/1,0002.1AllHalf50 per cent93533 per centwomenAllAll villagesAll BPL HHsAllAll villagesAll villagesAll5 per centAll major citiesAll20 per cent(2016–17)• 9 per cent (projected)• 3.2 per cent (projected)• No data• No data• No data• No data• 14 per cent (primary)12 per cent (secondary)• 7 per cent points• No data• No data• No discussion• 53 per cent (2008)• No data• 2.6 (2008)• 478 habitation left• No data• No data• 915 (2006–08)• No data• No data• No data• No data• No data• No data• No data• No data• Unrealistic/difficult• No data• No data• 7.5 per cent (2009)8. Emphasis on RSBY is to continue.9. Poor implementation of the Tribal SubPlan is a cause for concern.10. Improving governance is a major concern,especially in Maoists-affected andPanchayats Extension to ScheduledAreas (PESA) areas.11. Thrust on improving the ManagementInformation System (MIS) at all levels.12. Push has to be made for greater devolutiontowards local self-governments.Exclusion is defined as an HH’s inabilityto access services, participate in social or politicalprocesses, represent her constituencyin public domain, enjoy dignity as an equalmember of society and feel empowered, as aconsequence of economic, social and politicalfactors. Excluded groups are differentiatedon the basis of their social identity (suchas caste, gender, race, or ethnicity), or someother parameter that sets them apart fromthe normative majority such as a disability,
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
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List of Tables1.1 Growth rate of Gr
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List of Figures1.1 Pattern of GNP a
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List of Boxes1.1 India a country of
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List of Abbreviations3PLADBAEPSAICT
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List of AbbreviationsxvMKSSMoEFMoRD
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PrefaceACCESS has been bringing out
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Prefacexixbring out yet another vol
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AcknowledgementsA lot of work, ener
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State of India’sLivelihoods 2011:
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State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
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Page 32 and 33: State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
Page 40 and 41: Livelihoods of the PoorIt is now co
Page 42 and 43: Livelihoods of the Poor 19of employ
Page 44 and 45: Livelihoods of the Poor 21significa
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Page 48 and 49: Livelihoods of the Poor 25Figure 2.
Page 50 and 51: Livelihoods of the Poor 27If person
Page 54 and 55: Livelihoods of the Poor 31Table 2.3
Page 56 and 57: Livelihoods of the Poor 33home-base
Page 58 and 59: Livelihoods of the Poor 35(13.4 mil
Page 60 and 61: Livelihoods of the Poor 37on their
Page 62 and 63: Livelihoods of the Poor 39Early exp
Page 64 and 65: Livelihoods of the Poor 41(Chintan
Page 66 and 67: Livelihoods of the Poor 43A study b
Page 68 and 69: Livelihoods of the Poor 45systemati
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Private Industry andServices—What
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Private Industry and Services—Wha
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Potential andPossibilities6.1. Intr
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Potential and Possibilities 131and
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Potential and Possibilities 133thro
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Potential and Possibilities 137get
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Potential and Possibilities 139welf
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Potential and Possibilities 141resp
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Potential and Possibilities 143the
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Potential and Possibilities 145SN C
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Potential and Possibilities 147infr
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Potential and Possibilities 149Saxe
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About the Editorsand ContributorsTh
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