SOIL Report 2011 - ACCESS Development Services

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Reflections on Livelihoods Policies 61language, profession, HIV status and so on(UNICEF 2010, p. 3). Therefore, inclusionwould mean a combination of institutionsand processes leading to improved access,participation, representation, dignity andempowerment (PRDE).Looking at the 11th Five Year Planthrough this lens one cannot but noticethe strong emphasis on improved servicedelivery of all kinds—education, health, infrastructure,employment and income supplements.The special emphasis placed onpre-school education, residential schoolingfor first-generation learners, abolitionof child labour and bringing them back inschool, universal access to primary preventivehealth care, clean drinking water toall hamlets, rural roads to all habitations,homestead sites to all, electricity supply toall villages, shelter for the abandoned, mainstreamingseparated women, etc., is thecommitments of an access-driven inclusionframework.However, in contrast, there is a conspicuousabsence of other dimensions ofinclusion, such as PRDE. None of these canbe achieved even with improved services;these require intervention at another level.The available examples of inclusion suggestthat PRDE results from strong institutionsof various forms. Country wide examplesof Mahila Samkhaya, self help group (SHG)Federations, workers’ unions and peoples’movements bear testimony to the fact thatPRDE can be achieved through stronginstitutions dedicated to the respective constituencythey represent. Since some of theseinitiatives have been taken up by the Unionand state governments, one would haveexpected their inclusion in the core agenda.This did not happen. Instead, all emphasiswas placed on improving services.The approach paper to the 11th FiveYear Plan sought to have inclusion as amajor development agenda. It was obviousthat Indian economy is growing, but notall sections of the society are experiencingthis as positive growth. So the slogan was tohave ‘inclusive growth’—growth thattouches all, positively. The approach paperto the 12th Plan recognizes that inclusion istaking place, but not at the desired pace, sothe nation is going to miss the MDG exceptperhaps for poverty (Planning Commission2011). Even this claim is no longer true sincethe definition and head count average ofthe country is now pegged at 46 per centof rural population, close to a double of27 per cent, which was the last such estimate(The Hindu 2011a).3.2.2. Budget allocation onlivelihoods in 2011–12In keeping with the basic thrust of the 11thPlan, the annual budget of 2011–12 stuckto its focus on growth, fiscal consolidation,inflation, agriculture and higher allocationto the social sector (see Table 3.3). While theeconomic results of the previous year wereencouraging, with an overall high growth,agriculture back on a growth track, andfiscal consolidation on expected lines, inflation,high food prices, corruption and weakgovernance were key concerns.A few key issues can be determined bylooking at the Budget 2011–12 from a livelihoodsperspective. It must be said at the outset,that budgeting is an allocation exercise;it reflects the dynamics of the government’semphasis in view of emerging realities, andconscious prioritization of a particular sector.However, the budget speech often promisesnew policy initiatives and to that extent, budgetingdoes fall within the scope of a policydiscourse.The three key aspects of the budget are:Allocation to existing programmes, newprogramme initiatives and new policyinitiatives.Allocation: Allocations to the sectorsthat have a direct relationship with livelihoodenhancement are shown in Box 3.1.In all cases, the increase seems substantialwith respect to the last year. However, the
62 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2011Table 3.3: Increase in budget allocations with respect to last financial year (` crore)Key areas 2011–12 2010–11 Per cent changeAgricultural credit 475,000 375,000 27Social sector 166,887 137,510 21Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 21,000 15,000 40Primitive tribal groups 244 185 32Health 26,760 23,300 15Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana 7,860 6,755 16Bringing Green Revolution to the agriculture of the eastern region 400 400 sameImproving agriculture of 60,000 villages 300 300 sameSource: Compiled by author from ‘Key Features of Budget 2011–2012’, pp. 5–10. Available online at http://indiabudget.nic.inBox 3.1: New programme initiatives announced1. Promotion of oil palm—new allocation of`300 crore to bring 60,000 ha of land underpalm cultivation to reduce imports.2. Allocation of `300 crore to promote vegetableclusters near major urban centres.3. Allocation of `300 crore for improvingproduction of bajra, jowar and ragi in 1,000Source: Budget Highlights published by Press Bureau of GOI.compact blocks covering 25,000 villagesof semi-arid regions.4. `5,000 crore to be provided to SIDBI forincremental lending to MSMEs.5. Accelerated Fodder Development Programmein 25,000 villages in 1,000 compactblocks.calculation of per HH or per capita allocationcan only be made if the denominatorsare adequately and accurately known, in allthe cases, which is beyond the scope of thischapter. Among the sectors, agricultureseems to have received a major thrust interms of allocation and its diversity.New Programme Initiatives: Much of thenew programme initiatives are for agricultureand allied sectors. This sector startedreceiving the governments’ attention fromthe previous financial year (2009–10), whichcontinued into the last year. Fodder, vegetables,oil palm and millets expect some boostsin production from these initiatives. Theother thrust area is lending to MSMEs.New Policy Initiatives Announced: Perhapsthe most important announcement hasbeen about initiating a national missionon sustainable agriculture, and expandingthe scope of the Swasthya Bima Yojana.However, certain other smaller initiativesare worth mentioning too, like the SHGDevelopment Fund and Microcredit EquityFund.The most important single sectoral thrustin the Budget 2011–12 is on agriculture.This had started in the previous year, andhelped achieve a growth of over 5.4 per cent,and with this year’s support mechanisms,a growth of around 5 per cent is expectedagain. The support to agriculture includedenhancing agricultural credit, continuingwith interest subvention, and specific subsectorintervention on vegetables, fodder,millets, rice intensification and so on. Afteralmost a decade of policy neglect of agriculture,these are certainly welcome initiatives(see Box 3.2).Most of the central sector programmeshave a cost sharing mechanism with thestates. Table 3.4 gives the cost sharingformula for major livelihood impactingprogrammes funded jointly by the Centreand the states. It is clear that the cost sharingformula remains the same for most statesexcept the North Eastern Regions (NERs)where the Centre funds 90 per cent of thecosts. This is due to the fact that the tax andother revenues collected by the states are
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
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List of Tables1.1 Growth rate of Gr
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List of Figures1.1 Pattern of GNP a
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List of Boxes1.1 India a country of
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List of Abbreviations3PLADBAEPSAICT
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List of AbbreviationsxvMKSSMoEFMoRD
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PrefaceACCESS has been bringing out
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Prefacexixbring out yet another vol
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AcknowledgementsA lot of work, ener
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State of India’sLivelihoods 2011:
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State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
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Page 40 and 41: Livelihoods of the PoorIt is now co
Page 42 and 43: Livelihoods of the Poor 19of employ
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Page 48 and 49: Livelihoods of the Poor 25Figure 2.
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Page 54 and 55: Livelihoods of the Poor 31Table 2.3
Page 56 and 57: Livelihoods of the Poor 33home-base
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Page 62 and 63: Livelihoods of the Poor 39Early exp
Page 64 and 65: Livelihoods of the Poor 41(Chintan
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Private Industry and Services—Wha
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Potential andPossibilities6.1. Intr
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Potential and Possibilities 131and
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Potential and Possibilities 137get
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Potential and Possibilities 139welf
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Potential and Possibilities 141resp
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Potential and Possibilities 143the
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Potential and Possibilities 145SN C
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Potential and Possibilities 147infr
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Potential and Possibilities 149Saxe
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About the Editorsand ContributorsTh
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