SOIL Report 2011 - ACCESS Development Services

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State as the Largest Livelihoods Promoter 97self managed institutions of the poor, andaggregating those institutions beyond thecommunity level yields impressive returnsfor poverty reduction. The programmerecognizes that the poor people have thepotential to come out of poverty with properhandholding, training and capacity buildingand credit linkage.The NRLM is, perhaps, the largestpoverty programme in the world with itsgoal of reaching nearly 7 crore rural householdsin 60,000 villages across 600 districtsin the country. Thus, it has been toutedas the most important and ambitious programmenext to NREGS. The NRLM alsorecognizes that poor people have multiplelivelihoods—wage employment and selfemployment—andaims at stabilizing andenhancing incomes from both. The NRLMdepends on the banks as a source of creditfor the poor at reasonable rates with thesmart use of subsidy. The NRLM places astress on the participation of women.In a clear break from the SGSY, theNRLM puts local mentors at the frontline.It utilizes the services of these mostly femaleCommunity Resource Persons (CRPs) whohave experience in coming out of povertyand are members of self help groups (SHGs).As frontliners, they are expected to spreadthe concept of NRLM at the village levelas well as across districts, and help makeNRLM a people’s movement. It allows flexibilityin formulating context specific actionplans at the state level, since, the level of developmentand availability of local resourcesis different for each state.NRLM combines the triple objectives ofsocial, financial and economic inclusion ofthe poor. Social inclusion involves enablingSHG members to build their skills tobetter access services such as education andhealth, entitlements like PDS, NREGS andother safety net programmes, and to gain avoice in local governance institutions.Financial inclusion involves ensuring accessto financial services such as savings, creditand insurance. Economic inclusion involvesdeveloping skills for self-employment sothat they are no longer dependent on safetynet programmes and can build productiveassets.The NRLM entails these distinctfeatures:1. Universal social mobilization throughSHGs which ultimately brings each andevery BPL household under the SHGnetwork.2. SHG Federations are envisaged to act assecond-tier institutions.3. The goal of universal financial inclusionthrough SHGs linked to banks.4. Allocation of up to `7,500 per beneficiarytowards capacity building andtraining.5. There is a provision of basic orientationtraining for all the swarozgaris, and skilltraining for the ones who are enteringthe micro-enterprise level.6. Institutional arrangement for skill development,for self-employment andwage employment.7. At least one training institute—RuralSelf-Employment Training Institute(RSETI)—is to be set up in each district.8. These RSETIs are to be set up in partnershipwith banks and with grantsreceived from the MoRD and stategovernments.9. A provision of an enhanced RevolvingFund of `15,000 per SHG.10. A provision of a capital subsidy of`15,000 to individual Swarozgars ofthe general category, and `20,000 toSC/ST and people with disabilities,subject to a maximum of `2.5 lakh perSHG. Also a provision of professionalsupport—at present the DRDAs/blocks only have a skeleton staff andare over burdened with a multiplicityof programmes.11. Special projects—Under the NRLM,20 per cent of allocation is earmarkedfor special projects, which combines15 per cent for placement-linked skilldevelopment projects, and 5 per centfor innovative projects.
98 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 201112. Improved evaluation and monitoring—evaluationof SGSY was done bycommissioning studies and through anonline Monthly Progress Report, regularmeetings of the Performance ReviewCommittee, visit by area officers and soon. In addition to these, NRLM plans:• A comprehensive MIS encompassinga database of SHG profiles,federations, training institutionsand activities, placements of trainedbeneficiaries, marketing of productsand so on.• Social accountability practices like socialaudits to bring in transparency.13. Involvement of states for state-specificaction plans.14. Above all, a mission-mode approachis envisaged for its implementation,to enable time bound achievement ofthe goals of NRLM in partnership withcivil society, industries, educationalinstitutions and other resource organizations.In a recent Solution Exchange 6 ledgroup discussion to comment on the frameworkof NRLM implementation, done onbehest of the Working Group constitutedby the Planning Commission, many suggestionswere made to lay focus on the clusterapproach and value chain in primary, secondaryand tertiary sectors; natural resourcemanagement; convergence with MGNREGS;making use of ‘product champions’ andseparate funding for demonstration units forsuccessful livelihoods models. The PlanningCommission while formulating the 12thFive Year Plan is looking at incorporatingthese ideas and strategies to roll out NRLMon a large scale.The Government of India has come outwith a phase-wise approach to implementNRLM in the whole of the country, andthe states are also expected to fulfil certainnorms, before transiting from SGSY toNRLM, like:1. Setting up of state level agencies and thedistrict/sub-district level units.2. Training and placement of professionalstaff and formulation of State PovertyReduction Strategy for each state.3. Formation of a State-Level Core Teamwith a nodal officer.Many states have launched NRLM bypromoting independent livelihoods promotionsocieties. Through these societies(a company in case of Gujarat), the stategovernments are looking at getting desiredresults from the social-benefit schemeswhich would provide a platform for formationof village groups, and support infine-tuning existing government schemes.The government’s expectations from NRLMstems from the instances of success in somedistricts in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar andOrissa, that have been able to use the villagecommunitygroups to further governmententitlements to the poor.As NRLM follows a demand-driven strategy,all the states have the flexibility to developtheir livelihoods-based State Perspectiveand Implementation Plans (SPIPs) forpoverty reduction, determined by the allocationsfor the respective states based oninter se poverty ratios, and in the process, itis envisaged that all the states/UTs wouldhave to transit to NRLM within a period ofone year, and thereby funding under SGSYwill cease to operate (see Figure 4.1).With a loan of ` 50 billion from theWorld Bank, 7 the Government of India isstrengthening its ambitious NRLM to starta comprehensive rural livelihood missionto support the 12 poorest states which accountfor about 85 per cent of the total poorpopulation in the country. The World Bankhas invested about `30 billion in livelihoodsmissions in the state of Andhra Pradesh6Solution Exchange for the Microfinance Communityand Solution Exchange for the Work andEmployment Community—consolidated reply dated23 July 2011.7The Economic Times, 13 June 2011.
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
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List of Tables1.1 Growth rate of Gr
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List of Figures1.1 Pattern of GNP a
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List of Boxes1.1 India a country of
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List of Abbreviations3PLADBAEPSAICT
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List of AbbreviationsxvMKSSMoEFMoRD
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PrefaceACCESS has been bringing out
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Prefacexixbring out yet another vol
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AcknowledgementsA lot of work, ener
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State of India’sLivelihoods 2011:
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State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
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Livelihoods of the PoorIt is now co
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Livelihoods of the Poor 19of employ
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Livelihoods of the Poor 21significa
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Livelihoods of the Poor 23last two
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Livelihoods of the Poor 25Figure 2.
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Livelihoods of the Poor 27If person
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Livelihoods of the Poor 29Figure 2.
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Livelihoods of the Poor 31Table 2.3
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Livelihoods of the Poor 33home-base
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Livelihoods of the Poor 35(13.4 mil
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Livelihoods of the Poor 37on their
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Livelihoods of the Poor 39Early exp
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Livelihoods of the Poor 41(Chintan
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Livelihoods of the Poor 43A study b
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Livelihoods of the Poor 45systemati
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Page 74 and 75: Livelihoods of the Poor 51Figure 2.
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Page 80 and 81: Reflections onLivelihoods Policies3
Page 82 and 83: Reflections on Livelihoods Policies
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Page 132 and 133: Private Industry andServices—What
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Page 152 and 153: Potential andPossibilities6.1. Intr
Page 154 and 155: Potential and Possibilities 131and
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Page 160 and 161: Potential and Possibilities 137get
Page 162 and 163: Potential and Possibilities 139welf
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Page 166 and 167: Potential and Possibilities 143the
Page 168 and 169: Potential and Possibilities 145SN C
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Potential and Possibilities 147infr
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Potential and Possibilities 149Saxe
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About the Editorsand ContributorsTh
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