SOIL Report 2011 - ACCESS Development Services

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Potential andPossibilities6.1. IntroductionThis chapter looks at some of the keyemerging and ongoing developments ingovernment policies and practices. Whilethe government has reiterated its commitmentto the inclusive growth agenda,the emerging trends suggest a qualitativeshift in the manner in which services andsubsidies will be provided to the poor. Thefirst section discusses the four key livelihoodinitiatives (skilling and employment, marketinclusion, decentralization and revival ofagri-rural economy) which are likely to beincluded in the 12th Five Year Plan, andwhich will provide the overall direction ofresource deployment and policy framework.The next two sections focus on newly introducedUnique ID (Aadhaar) Project and theproposed Direct Cash Transfer scheme, anddiscuss their implications for the poor aswell as livelihood professionals.6.2. 12th Five Year Plan:Livelihood focusThe Planning Commission started the discussionsfor developing the Approach Paperfor the 12th Five Year Plan (2012–17) inJuly 2010. In a remarkable break from thepast practices, the Planning Commissionadopted an ‘interactive and participativeplanning’ approach (Shrivastava 2011),seeking suggestions and ideas from adiverse set of stakeholders through innovativechannels. A conscious decisionwas taken while designing the planningprocess, to take it into the public domain.Besides seeking inputs from industry andprofessional bodies (e.g., Confederation ofIndian Industry [CII], Federation of IndianChambers of Commerce and Industry[FICCI], Federation of Indian Micro andSmall and Medium Enterprises [FISME],National Association of Software andServices Companies [NASSCOM] andNational Bank for Agriculture and RuralDevelopment [NABARD]), the consultationprocess also used other innovativenon-conventional channels (such as, anessay competition in schools, a Facebookpage, online discussion forums, etc.) to seekinputs from experts, civil society representativesand ordinary citizens. 1At the time of writing this section, the12th Five Year Plan was still being formulated.However, the government has identified‘Faster, More Inclusive and SustainableGrowth’ as the main objective of the 12thFive Year Plan (Planning Commission2011).An inclusive and sustainable growth presupposesenhancement of livelihood opportunitiesand options for the poor. It is alsonoteworthy that among the ‘12 strategicchallenges’ identified by the Planning Commission,four have direct and wide-ranging1The documents summarizing the inputs fromdifferent stakeholders are available at the 12th FiveYear Plan website: http://www.12thplan.gov.in/stakeholder_sugg.phpChapter6
130 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2011implications for the livelihoods of the poor(see Box 6.1). Based on a review of the inputsfrom diverse stakeholders, this sectiondiscusses the options which the governmentcan exercise to meet these strategicchallenges, and to enhance the livelihoodsof the poor.Other thrust areas listed in the Plan—such as improving effectiveness of programmesfor the poor, special programmesfor vulnerable groups and support to backwardregions being put into practice—areyet to be rendered into clear-cut actionplans, while there is a commitment to reducethe number of centrally sponsored schemes(CSSs) from the current 150 to about 10.In particular, the emphasis on institutingbetter governance and accountability standardswill be of critical importance if theselivelihood thrusts are to be achieved. Whiledevolution is one way forward, strengtheningproactive, citizen participation in governancewill be of key significance.The rest of this section looks at the fourlivelihood-related thrusts outlined above,in more detail.6.2.1. Enhancing skills and fastergeneration of employmentTo achieve the objective of ‘inclusive andsustainable’ growth, the skills of this vastreservoir of potential human resources needto be upgraded. The investments made bythe government, the demand pull fromthe industry and the improving economicgrowth opens up huge opportunities formainstreaming India’s unorganized workforce.The initiatives currently in place fallfar short of the vision of creating a 500 millionstrong skilled workforce by 2022. Toachieve this target, the country needs to add40 to 50 million trained, skilled and industry-readypeople to the workforce every year.The issues which need to be addressed tomeet this challenge include:1. Administrative infrastructure for deploymentof vocational training/skill development:At present, there is no centralizedagency to lead and coordinate thevarious skill development initiatives—atotal of 17 different ministries/departmentsare involved in the skills sectorBox 6.1: The livelihood challenges in the 12th Five Year Plan1. Enhancing skills and faster generation ofemployment:It is believed that India’s economic growthis not generating enough jobs or livelihoodopportunities. At the same time, manysectors face manpower shortages. Toaddress both these problems, we needto improve our education and trainingsystems; create efficient and accessiblelabour markets for all skill categoriesand encourage faster growth of small andmicro-enterprises.2. Markets for efficiency and inclusion:Open, integrated and well-regulatedmarkets for land, labour and capital andfor goods and services are essential forgrowth, inclusion and sustainability. Wehave many sectors where markets arenon-existent or incomplete, especiallythose which are dominated by publicprovisioning. How do we create or improvemarkets in all sectors?3. Decentralization, empowerment andinformation:Greater and more informed participationof all citizens in decision-making,enforcing accountability, exercising theirrights and entitlements; and determiningthe course of their lives is central to fastergrowth, inclusion and sustainability. Howcan we best promote the capabilitiesof all Indians, especially the most disadvantaged,to achieve this end?4. Rural transformation and sustained growthof agriculture:Rural India suffers from poor infrastructureand inadequate amenities. Lowagricultural growth perpetuates foodand nutritional insecurities, which alsoreduces rural incomes. How can weencourage and support our villages inimproving their living and livelihoodconditions in innovative ways?Source: 12th Five Year Plan website: http://12thplan.gov.in/
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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State of India’s Livelihoods Repo
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ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
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List of Tables1.1 Growth rate of Gr
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List of Figures1.1 Pattern of GNP a
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List of Boxes1.1 India a country of
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List of Abbreviations3PLADBAEPSAICT
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List of AbbreviationsxvMKSSMoEFMoRD
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PrefaceACCESS has been bringing out
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Prefacexixbring out yet another vol
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AcknowledgementsA lot of work, ener
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State of India’sLivelihoods 2011:
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State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
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Livelihoods of the PoorIt is now co
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Livelihoods of the Poor 19of employ
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Livelihoods of the Poor 21significa
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Livelihoods of the Poor 23last two
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Livelihoods of the Poor 25Figure 2.
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Livelihoods of the Poor 27If person
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Livelihoods of the Poor 31Table 2.3
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Livelihoods of the Poor 33home-base
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Livelihoods of the Poor 35(13.4 mil
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Livelihoods of the Poor 37on their
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Livelihoods of the Poor 39Early exp
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Livelihoods of the Poor 41(Chintan
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Livelihoods of the Poor 43A study b
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Livelihoods of the Poor 45systemati
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Livelihoods of the Poor 47and sanit
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Livelihoods of the Poor 49dispropor
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Livelihoods of the Poor 53make an i
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Livelihoods of the Poor 55and sanit
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Reflections onLivelihoods Policies3
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Reflections on Livelihoods Policies
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Page 102 and 103: Reflections on Livelihoods Policies
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Page 172 and 173: Potential and Possibilities 149Saxe
Page 174 and 175: About the Editorsand ContributorsTh
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