SOIL Report 2011 - ACCESS Development Services

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State of India’s Livelihoods 2011: A Time of Volatility 15aim to improve and augment livelihoods ofthe poor in particular. The discussion alsonarrates when the government attemptsto promote livelihoods with policies, itsfailures and also the adverse impact of policiesaffecting the livelihood of many. Thechapter also discusses certain cases like landacquisition in case of Vedanta–POSCO, andsudden rise in onion prices. When we analyzethe policy implications of livelihoods,it is essential to understand the formulationof Livelihoods Schemes Coverage Indexas a measure of actual depth and width ofreach of all livelihoods schemes consideredtogether. The discussions culminate with ageneral caution that despite various affirmativeaction initiatives and large outlay ofresources, the state’s capacity to deliversocial good is in greater question todaythan ever before. The hope lies though inthe strength of an ever maturing electorateand proactive civil society.Followed by the macro-analysis of livelihoodpolicies, it is essential to know how stateand other key players such as cor-poratespromote livelihoods. In India, state is still thelargest livelihood promoter and Chapter 4,‘State as the Largest Livelihoods Promoter’,illustrates it by broadly analyzing two flagshiplivelihood promotions programmes ofGovernment of India, that is, MGNREGSand National Rural Livelihoods Mission(NRLM). This analysis has been done inthe backdrop that the government’s effortsin schemes have played their role, thoughresults have been mixed. The chapter criticallyevaluates the MGNREG programmefrom the perspective of wage controversies,changes in the demand and supply patternof rural labour which in turn enhancedtheir negotiation powers, the high transparencyof the resource-utilization dataand the social audits conducted at locallevel to capture the flaws. It also arguesthat though MGNREGS has been instrumentalin improving the capacity of fewstates and some panchayats in deliveringsuch programmes at present, it needs to beexpanded to larger territories. It also suggeststhe functional strategies to improvethe implementation of MGNREGS. NRLMis the restructured version of SwaranjayantiGram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) programmesaiming to invest in self-managedinstitutions of the poor and aggregate thoseinstitutions beyond the community levelyields impressive returns for poverty reduction.The programme recognizes that thepoor people have the potential to come outof poverty with proper handholding, trainingand capacity building and credit linkage.The chapter illustrates its features, deliverysystem, key implementation challengescritically. The success of the livelihoodprogramme is attributed to it capacity toenhance skill by way of vocational training.The last part of the chapter reviews the variousskill-development initiatives launchedby Government of India. In conclusion itraises concern on the declining role of civilsociety organizations in implementationof NRLM.The private sector in India also affectsthe livelihoods of a large number of people:through marketing of their produce (likeagro-industries), supplying necessary rawmaterial to them (like agro-input industries),by creating employment opportunitiesfor them and through their CorporateSocial Responsibility (CSR) efforts. In thisperiod covered by this report it can beseen that the private sector has becomequite active in delivery of public goods inpartnership with the State. Even the CSRinitiatives have started growing with thegovernment making a contribution of2 per cent of the profits of all joint-venturecompanies for CSR. With emphasis beinglaid on skill building by the government,many corporate entities have startedplaying an important role in that spaceas well. Chapter 5, ‘Private Industry andServices—What Is “India Inc” Deliveringin Employment to the Poor?’ tries to capturethe role of corporate in creating andpromoting livelihoods. The employment
16 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2011potential of various private sector industriesand services are discussed in detail with afuturistic perspective to cite the emergingskill gap. It is argued that if the skill gapwould not address, it would affect thesustainable growth of these sectors. Thesubsequent sections in the chapter coverthe prevailing hiring practices and quality ofjobs offered to both skilled and semi-skilledworkers citing the promotion of informalsector by the private sector to overrule thegovernance and regulatory compliances.The discussion clearly indicates that in orderto compete in the globalized job marketthe labourer has to improve certain skillsand capabilities beyond the soft skills onone hand. On the other hand, the privatesector also needs to realize that the age-oldhiring practices involving traditional styleof wage negotiations may not work in thenew context as the information base of thelabourers have multi-folded.The livelihood scenario in the countrywithin last year or two has seen many significantchanges. While the government hasreiterated its commitment to the inclusivegrowth, the emerging trends suggest a qualitativeshift in the manner in which servicesand subsidies will be provided to the poor.There is also a perceptible movement frommerely providing services to enhancingthe opportunities for the poor to improvetheir livelihood options. The last chapter,‘Potential and Possibilities’, looks at someof the key emerging and ongoing developmentsin government policies and practices.The discussion covers the four key livelihoodinitiatives (skilling and employment, marketinclusion, decentralization and revival ofagri-rural economy) which are likely to beincluded in the 12th Five Year Plan, andwhich will provide the overall direction ofresource deployment and policy framework,newly introduced UID (Aadhar) Project andthe proposed Direct Cash Transfer scheme,and its implications for the poor as well aslivelihood professionals.ReferencesAhya, Chetan. 2011. India facing downsize risk togrowth. The Economic Times, 13 July.Aiyer, Anklesaria. 2011. Agri-cultural wages have skyrocketed:Poors have benefited from GDP growth.The Economic Times, 7 July.Anant, T.C.A., and Rajiv Mehta. 2011. Has employmentfallen in India. Mint, 30 June.Bhaskaran, Resmi P. 2011. From country to the city:The changing dynamics of migration in contemporaryIndia, in C. Bandhopadhay (ed.), India:The country and the state in historical perspective.Kolkata: Vikas Publications.Business Standard. 2011. Court quashes land acquisitionin two more Greater Noida villages. BusinessStandard, New Delhi, 20 July.Business Today. 2011. Tight monetary policy mayimpact growth: Pranab. Press Trust of India Newrelease, Business Today, 17 June.Datta, Sankar, and Vipin Sharma. 2010. State of India’slivelihoods reports 2010: The 4P report 2010.New Delhi: SAGE Publications.Government of India. 2011a. Economic survey—2011.New Delhi: Ministry of Finance.———. 2011b. Provisional population tables. IndiaCensus 2011. New Delhi: Registrar Generaland Census Commissioner, Ministry of HomeAffairs.NCEUS (National Commission for Enterprises inthe Unorganized Sector). 2008. Report on theconditions of work and promotion of livelihoods inthe unorganised sector. New Delhi: Governmentof India.NSSO. 2009. Employment pattern—60th and 61strounds of NSSO. New Delhi: Central StatisticalOrganisation.———. 2011. Key indicators of employment andunemployment in India, 2009–10. Press note fromNSSO, 24 June. New Delhi: Ministry of Statisticsand Programme Implementation, Governmentof India.Padmanabhan, Anil. 2011. Governance action and RBI.Livemint, 31 July.Reserve Bank of India. 2010. Handbook of Indian economy2009–10. Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India.Sarkar, Renju. 2011. Allahabad High Court land ordercreates panic. Business Standard, New Delhi,22 May.Sen, Amartya. 2011. Growth and other concerns.The Hindu, 14 February.The Hindu. 2011. Supreme Court to hear seeking banon Monday. The Hindu, Chennai, 1 May.
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Page 6 and 7: ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables1.1 Growth rate of Gr
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures1.1 Pattern of GNP a
Page 12 and 13: List of Boxes1.1 India a country of
Page 14 and 15: List of Abbreviations3PLADBAEPSAICT
Page 16 and 17: List of AbbreviationsxvMKSSMoEFMoRD
Page 18 and 19: PrefaceACCESS has been bringing out
Page 20 and 21: Prefacexixbring out yet another vol
Page 22 and 23: AcknowledgementsA lot of work, ener
Page 24 and 25: State of India’sLivelihoods 2011:
Page 26 and 27: State of India’s Livelihoods 2011
Page 40 and 41: Livelihoods of the PoorIt is now co
Page 42 and 43: Livelihoods of the Poor 19of employ
Page 44 and 45: Livelihoods of the Poor 21significa
Page 46 and 47: Livelihoods of the Poor 23last two
Page 48 and 49: Livelihoods of the Poor 25Figure 2.
Page 50 and 51: Livelihoods of the Poor 27If person
Page 54 and 55: Livelihoods of the Poor 31Table 2.3
Page 56 and 57: Livelihoods of the Poor 33home-base
Page 58 and 59: Livelihoods of the Poor 35(13.4 mil
Page 60 and 61: Livelihoods of the Poor 37on their
Page 62 and 63: Livelihoods of the Poor 39Early exp
Page 64 and 65: Livelihoods of the Poor 41(Chintan
Page 66 and 67: Livelihoods of the Poor 43A study b
Page 68 and 69: Livelihoods of the Poor 45systemati
Page 70 and 71: Livelihoods of the Poor 47and sanit
Page 72 and 73: Livelihoods of the Poor 49dispropor
Page 76 and 77: Livelihoods of the Poor 53make an i
Page 78 and 79: Livelihoods of the Poor 55and sanit
Page 80 and 81: Reflections onLivelihoods Policies3
Page 82 and 83: Reflections on Livelihoods Policies
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Reflections on Livelihoods Policies
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State as the LargestLivelihoods Pro
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Private Industry andServices—What
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Private Industry and Services—Wha
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Potential andPossibilities6.1. Intr
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Potential and Possibilities 131and
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Potential and Possibilities 137get
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Potential and Possibilities 139welf
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Potential and Possibilities 141resp
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Potential and Possibilities 143the
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Potential and Possibilities 145SN C
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Potential and Possibilities 147infr
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Potential and Possibilities 149Saxe
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About the Editorsand ContributorsTh
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