Institution of Local Self Governance and its Linkages with Tourism

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EXPENDITURES ON INFRASTRUCTURE(Rs in Crores)YearTourismCivilaviationInformation.-Transport, shipping& water sources1990-91 74.84 76.64 50 1 .17 191 0.641994-95 108.96 136.70 484.51 2238.841995-96 119.14 145.05 576.95 2287.851996-97 106.44 86.71 604.19 3187.431997-98 117.75 136.64 908.51 3783.611998-99 132.62 199.92 1051.99 4453.301999-00 132.34 195.76 1182.89 6306.662000-01 54.44 238.82 1354.78 8416.282001-02 181.19 277.93 1472.00 8376.80Tourism and global regimesMid 80s saw the growing importance of services sector in the worldtrade. With the completion of the Uruguay Round of tradenegotiations and the formation of the World Trade Organisation(WTO), the rules of multilateral trading process (which so farpertained only to the trade in goods) were extended to trade inservices through the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS), which brought all services, including tourism within the WTOnet. India became a signatory to the multi-lateral agreement alongwith the other 148 countries in the WTO, as it did not want to be leftbehind in the ongoing liberalization process. In implementing theAgreement, India has already started, opening its markets to foreignmulti-nationals in various service sectors like computer services,tourism and transport sectors.Within the GATS, tourism has been classified as the Tourism andTravel-Related Services', which includes hotels, restaurants, travelagents, and tour guide services. Under GATS rules, the trade in anyservice sector is defined through four modes of supply, which coversa range of possibilities regarding tourism. These include:11
a) Cross-border supply of the service (i.e. booking tickets throughthe internet, )b) Consumption Abroad (i.e. the movement of the serviceconsumer i.e. the tou rist from the generating to the hostcountry) .c) Commercial presence (i.e a multilatera l corporation setting ahotel/resta urant/travel agency in the territory of another country).d) Cross- border movement of personnel/labour (e.g. movement offoreign managers/guid es/tourism professionals from thegenerating to host country.)Another integral part of GATS schedu les, is the removal of limitationson tou rism service providers, regarding establishment, ownership,employment of personnel and re mittances'. In other words foreigncompanies will have free market access to domestic markets underthe same trading conditions, which exist for loca l companies of thehost country (i.e the principle of National treatment).It is important to note that, keeping the priorities and sensitivities ofdeveloping countries in mind, a section of the GATS addresss theneed to secure 'the increasing participation of developing countries inworld trade'. Accordingly, Member governments have been advisedto achieve this through the negotiation of 'specific market openingcommitments' in the following areas, namely: a) Strengthening thedomestic services capabilities of developing countries throughaccess to technology resou rces of the developed country on acommercial basis; b) improving access of developing cou ntries todistribution channels and information networks; c) freedom fordeveloping countries to deploy key and regular personnel in placeswhere they are supplying tourism services.GATS KEY CONCEPTS• Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Treatment (Article II) - Each membershall accord services and service suppliers of any other Membertreatment no less favourable than that it accords to like services andservice suppliers of any other country. That is, a govemment must notdiscriminate between services or services suppliers of other members12
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Page 5 and 6: fu nctions across various levels of
Page 7 and 8: The Indian ScenarioIn keeping with
Page 9 and 10: incentives and concessions as were
Page 11 and 12: tourism project may have.The nation
Page 13: which need to be given as much, if
Page 17 and 18: In theory and on paper, free access
Page 19 and 20: such powers and authority as may be
Page 21 and 22: permitting individual states to leg
Page 23 and 24: Panchayat and authorize it to appro
Page 25 and 26: in the Schedule XI. The decision-ma
Page 27 and 28: • Though the provision talks abou
Page 29 and 30: panchayat elections mobilize suppor
Page 31 and 32: III) Constitution and composition o
Page 33 and 34: shares of such proceeds;•The dete
Page 35 and 36: (i) The plans prepared by the Munic
Page 37 and 38: 25 yrs. A member of the Municipalit
Page 39 and 40: every state is to open their record
Page 41 and 42: advice in disputes between a state
Page 43 and 44: as "charged" category as opposed to
Page 45 and 46: through customary methods. The Gram
Page 47 and 48: of the locals like enfo rcing prohi
Page 49 and 50: to function as units of self-govern
Page 51 and 52: Minor forests produce opening the f
Page 53 and 54: Cultural Activities Food May or may
Page 55 and 56: tourism sector, are to keep in mind
Page 57 and 58: Recommendation of the Gram Sabhaor
Page 59 and 60: Minor irrigation, water managementa
Page 61 and 62: and in no way a c c ommodates the l
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decentralized democracy atthe grass
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staff are all with thePanchayats. T
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0)0)After a lot of wavering,Ta mil
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encoachievements of the Left Front
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This leads us to probe into the iss
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Scheduled areas were against the la
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Sterling Publishers Private Limited
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6. Zilla Parishad: It constitutes t
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