Institution of Local Self Governance and its Linkages with Tourism

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1. authorize the panchayats to levy, collect and appropriate suitablelocal taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with suchprocedure and subject to such limits;2. assign to a panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviedand collected by the State Government for such purposes andsubject to such conditions and limits,3 provide for making such g rants-in-aid to the panchayats from theConsolidated Fund of the State: and4. provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneysreceived respectively by or on behalf of the panchayats and alsofor the withdrawal of such money therefrom, as may be specifiedin the law.9) With regards to the financial powers, the Governor of the state isentrusted with the power to constitute a Finance Commission toreview periodically the financial position of the panchayats andmake recommendations regarding the distribution of netproceeds of duties, taxes, tolls, fees etc. between the states andthe panchayats and between the panchayats at diffe rent leveland assignment and appropriation of the taxes, duties, tolls,fees, etc., what taxes, duties, tolls and fees may be assigned tothe Panchayats, grants-in-aid to the panchayats from theconsolidated fund of the state.10) The state legislatures may by law make provisions with respectto the maintenance of accounts and the auditing of suchaccounts.Ground RealitiesExcept for three North Eastern states (having tribal councils) and twourba n Union Territories ( UTs), all the states/ UTs coming underpurview of this Act have amended their respective pa nchayat Acts inconformity with the Centra l Act. Followed by amendments inConstitution and State Acts, the decentralized institutions have comeinto being. Even afte r 13 years of enactment of 73rd Amendmerlt Act,the reality of decentralized institutions of self governance remeJincritical. Some of the key concerns are as:23
• Though the provision talks about reseNation for women it fails toinclude provision fo r conducting training programmes and suchother programmes to bring them at par with their malecounterparts. It is generally seen that women do not have anyclear idea about their powers under the Act. They also do notattend meetings. Being illiterate they generally affix their thumbimpressions to pa pers on major decisions taken at the meetings,which they have not attended.• In spite of a provision for compulsorily conducting of elections tothe Panchayats after every five years, in many states elections aredue and wherever elections have taken place it wascharacterized by caste and social cleavages making it very difficultto establish effective loca l governments. In Garhwal and Kumaon,Panchayat elections were last held in 1988. The next electionsshould have been held in 1993. In Bihar, elections were last heldas long back as in 1978-79. Orissa though not in the same league,followed closely. Here the Government showed surprisingdexterity in dissolving the local bodies in August 1995, but fa iled toexhibit similar promptness in reconstituting them allowing in effect,the bureaucracy to run them. Elections, which were to be held inFebruary 1996, were postponed twice - first in November 1994, onthe pretext that ballot boxes were not available and again in May1996 at the joint request of the political parties.• The recently held panchayat elections in Bihar after a gap of 23years were marred by violent clashes between caste groups whichgoes on to prove that political parties view pa nchayat election asthe equivalent of exit polls and a barometer to measure theirpopularity Panchayats elections thus becomes a mini version ofthe assembly and Lok Sabha polls with political parties exploitingcaste affiliations by extending support to individuals. The politicalparties are to a large extent blamed fo r postponing panchayatelection because for the fear of facing the panchayat electorate.They do not want to conduct panchayat election during themidway or towards the fag end of their of their term. No party whois aspiri ng to come to power would like to be dishonored by losingseats at various levels of the panchayats. Therefore the political24
Page 1 and 2: Siudy On InSlitution .. rLOf:aJ Sel
Page 3 and 4: In, 1985, EQUATIONS was founded in
Page 5 and 6: fu nctions across various levels of
Page 7 and 8: The Indian ScenarioIn keeping with
Page 9 and 10: incentives and concessions as were
Page 11 and 12: tourism project may have.The nation
Page 13 and 14: which need to be given as much, if
Page 15 and 16: a) Cross-border supply of the servi
Page 17 and 18: In theory and on paper, free access
Page 19 and 20: such powers and authority as may be
Page 21 and 22: permitting individual states to leg
Page 23 and 24: Panchayat and authorize it to appro
Page 25: in the Schedule XI. The decision-ma
Page 29 and 30: panchayat elections mobilize suppor
Page 31 and 32: III) Constitution and composition o
Page 33 and 34: shares of such proceeds;•The dete
Page 35 and 36: (i) The plans prepared by the Munic
Page 37 and 38: 25 yrs. A member of the Municipalit
Page 39 and 40: every state is to open their record
Page 41 and 42: advice in disputes between a state
Page 43 and 44: as "charged" category as opposed to
Page 45 and 46: through customary methods. The Gram
Page 47 and 48: of the locals like enfo rcing prohi
Page 49 and 50: to function as units of self-govern
Page 51 and 52: Minor forests produce opening the f
Page 53 and 54: Cultural Activities Food May or may
Page 55 and 56: tourism sector, are to keep in mind
Page 57 and 58: Recommendation of the Gram Sabhaor
Page 59 and 60: Minor irrigation, water managementa
Page 61 and 62: and in no way a c c ommodates the l
Page 63 and 64: Q)ospecial schemes and projectsof t
Page 65 and 66: decentralized democracy atthe grass
Page 67 and 68: staff are all with thePanchayats. T
Page 69 and 70: 0)0)After a lot of wavering,Ta mil
Page 71 and 72: encoachievements of the Left Front
Page 73 and 74: This leads us to probe into the iss
Page 75 and 76: Scheduled areas were against the la
Page 77 and 78:
Sterling Publishers Private Limited
Page 79 and 80:
6. Zilla Parishad: It constitutes t
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Institution of Local Self Governance and its Linkages with Tourism

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