Institution of Local Self Governance and its Linkages with Tourism

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SECTION II:Evolution of Local Self Governing Institutions in CountryIt is widely recognized that self governing village communitiescharacterized by agrarian economies had existed in India from theearliest times. Not only are they mentioned in Rig Veda , which datesfrom approximately 1200 B. C., there is also definite evidenceavailable of the existence of village sabhas ( councils or assemblies)and gramins ( senior persons of the village) until about 600 BC.Prior to the colonial period, these village bodies took the form ofPanchayats, ( an assembly of five persons) which looked after theaffairs of the village. Besides Village Panchayats there were alsocaste panchayats to ensure the persons belonging to a particularcaste adhered to its code of social conduct and ethics. If this was thegeneral pattern in indo Gangetic plains, in the Southern India, villagepanchayats generally had a village assembly whose executive bodyconsisted of representatives of variobs groups and cas+s.During the British rule, the major unit of local government was thedistrict. A single district officer, referred to as the collector, whorepresented the highest status of Indian Civil Service wasmaderesponsible for maintaining peace, collecting revenue, andadministration of justice.. In 1882, attempts were made by LordRiponto involve local people in the rural areas with theadministrative processes, through creation of nominated DistrictBoards.In the post independence period it was Mahatma Gandhi who wishedto give the PRls a democratic basis of their own by investing themwith such powers so that the villages could have a rcal sense of"Swaraj". According to him "greater the power of the Panr.hayat, thebetter for the people" as true democracy "has to be wmked frombelow by the people of every village". His vision resulted in theintroduction of Article 40 in the constitution of India (under theDirective Principles of State Policy), which states that "the stateshall take steps to organize vii/age Panchayats and enr:ow them with15
such powers and authority as may be necessary to function as unitsof self-government". This constitutional directive tended to inspire theUnion Government and State ·Governments, to adopt measures fordevelopment of the panchayats in the country.During the 1950s severa l states made legislations to democratize thestructure and devolve more powers and functions to the panchayats.The Five-year plans included in their programme measures tostrengthen loca l self-government to play a role in local developmentprocesses and to make them more responsive to people's needs andexpectations. In spite of efforts taken by the planning process,fo rmation of panchayats and devolving appropriate powers andfu nctions to them were left to the respective state governments.Some states like West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, and Kerala putappropriate measures to strengthen the local bodies, while manystates did not show their willing ness fo r decentralization process.Various committees were also set up by the Union Government tomake suggestions and recommendations on revita lizing thePanchayat Raj Institutions. One such committee was Ashoka MehtaCommittee whose ma in recommendations were fo r more genuineand effective devolution of powers to the Panchayats. The mostsignificant recommendation of the committee was for the creation ofa two-tiered system of Panchayati raj namely, Zilla Parishad andMandai Panchayat (which is a cluster of villages and is smaller thanthe present block panchayats). The committee felt that the ZillaParishad and not the Panchayat Samiti should be made the primary_. unit in the Panchayati Raj system as the Zilla Parishad enjoys greaterresou rces and leadership to play a substantial development role.For an effective coordination between development and urbandevelopment the committee suggested that the Municipal bodiesshould be given more representation in Zilla Parishad and MandaiPanchayat. As regards taxation, the committee recommended thePanchayati Raj Institutions to have compulsory powers of taxation tomo bilize the necessary resources on their own thereby reducing theirdependence on devolution of funds from the State Government. A16
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Page 11 and 12: tourism project may have.The nation
Page 13 and 14: which need to be given as much, if
Page 15 and 16: a) Cross-border supply of the servi
Page 17: In theory and on paper, free access
Page 21 and 22: permitting individual states to leg
Page 23 and 24: Panchayat and authorize it to appro
Page 25 and 26: in the Schedule XI. The decision-ma
Page 27 and 28: • Though the provision talks abou
Page 29 and 30: panchayat elections mobilize suppor
Page 31 and 32: III) Constitution and composition o
Page 33 and 34: shares of such proceeds;•The dete
Page 35 and 36: (i) The plans prepared by the Munic
Page 37 and 38: 25 yrs. A member of the Municipalit
Page 39 and 40: every state is to open their record
Page 41 and 42: advice in disputes between a state
Page 43 and 44: as "charged" category as opposed to
Page 45 and 46: through customary methods. The Gram
Page 47 and 48: of the locals like enfo rcing prohi
Page 49 and 50: to function as units of self-govern
Page 51 and 52: Minor forests produce opening the f
Page 53 and 54: Cultural Activities Food May or may
Page 55 and 56: tourism sector, are to keep in mind
Page 57 and 58: Recommendation of the Gram Sabhaor
Page 59 and 60: Minor irrigation, water managementa
Page 61 and 62: and in no way a c c ommodates the l
Page 63 and 64: Q)ospecial schemes and projectsof t
Page 65 and 66: decentralized democracy atthe grass
Page 67 and 68: staff are all with thePanchayats. T
Page 69 and 70:
0)0)After a lot of wavering,Ta mil
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encoachievements of the Left Front
Page 73 and 74:
This leads us to probe into the iss
Page 75 and 76:
Scheduled areas were against the la
Page 77 and 78:
Sterling Publishers Private Limited
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6. Zilla Parishad: It constitutes t
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Institution of Local Self Governance and its Linkages with Tourism

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