82Wlicn two <strong>of</strong> these automatic arrangements are in use for a chamberjet, it will be necessary to put about 5lbs. extra on the hydrogen, to preventa fiickering <strong>of</strong> light. In adjusting these in position, press all air out <strong>of</strong>the bag, <strong>and</strong> place between the boards, connect with flexible tubing theregulator on cylinder to the inlet pipe <strong>of</strong> gas bag (at back <strong>of</strong> bag), thenattach the long lever rod to side <strong>of</strong> pressure boards, place the hole in therod over the pin, fixing the nut in position to prevent rod falling <strong>of</strong>f, not tootight or it will prevent the lever moving easily. <strong>The</strong> top end <strong>of</strong> the leverrod has a series <strong>of</strong> holes, to which the lever on regulator tap is attachedin a similar manner, but not until the gas has been turned on at regulatortap, filling the bag just over three parts ; this done, shut the gas <strong>of</strong>f at theregulator lever, when in that position connect to the nearest hole in thelong rod.Fig. 40.PRESSUREGAUGE.<strong>The</strong> occurence in the past <strong>of</strong> some more or less violent explosions inpressure gauges have given rise to no little uneasiness to those who haveno particular desire to attempt anything that has the appearance <strong>of</strong> risk,<strong>and</strong> before urging the discontinuance <strong>of</strong> their use, careful enquiries havebeen made to ascertain the precise cause <strong>of</strong> their bursting, so far this hasbeen successful, <strong>and</strong> the means found for preventing their re-currence inthe future, <strong>and</strong> we wish to place, so far as our experience goes, the cause<strong>of</strong> these failures on the part <strong>of</strong> the pressure gauge. <strong>The</strong> explanation issimple enough ; they are, in fact, the result <strong>of</strong> gross carelessness orignorance on the part <strong>of</strong> the maker <strong>and</strong> possibly <strong>of</strong> the operator.Beforegoing further in the matter, a cursory description <strong>and</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> manufacturewould be the most practical.—A Bourdon's gauge, the essential part <strong>of</strong>which is a steel tube <strong>of</strong> elliptical section, bent to form a semi-circle, oneend <strong>of</strong> which is screwed to a boss, through which the gas is admitted to
83the above-mentioned tube, whilst the other end <strong>of</strong> this steel tube is freeto move, being simply closed by a cap, usually <strong>of</strong> brass. When a steeltube <strong>of</strong> the shape here described is subjected to a greater pressure on theinside than the outer, it tends to become straighter, or in other words thecurvature is lessened, <strong>and</strong> it is this movement <strong>of</strong> the tube that indicatesthe amount <strong>of</strong> pressure brought to bear upon it, this is again magnified bymeans <strong>of</strong> a toothed quadrant, controlled from the free end, whichis coupled with the pointer or h<strong>and</strong>, thus any movement on the part <strong>of</strong>the free end <strong>of</strong> the tube causes the axle carrying the index finger to turn,<strong>and</strong> the index then moves along the graduated scale ; any backlash thatmay occur by the too free working <strong>of</strong> the pinion <strong>and</strong> quadrant isgoverned by u fine spiral hair spring. Fig. 40 shows the dial removed,exposing the elliptical tube <strong>and</strong> mechanical portions,<strong>The</strong> most important part in the gauge is the tube, <strong>and</strong> everythingdepends upon this, they are tested to the pressure <strong>of</strong> some 27,000 lbs.before <strong>and</strong> after bending, <strong>and</strong> should the tube not return to zero, it isrejected ; the bursting pressure <strong>of</strong> these tubes is stated as being betweenseven <strong>and</strong> eight tons per square inch ; each dial is then temporarily placedin the case <strong>and</strong> marked by comparison, consequently, each dial is writtenseverally by h<strong>and</strong>. A guage <strong>of</strong> this description will indicate accuratelyat all times, <strong>and</strong> may be left under pressure without liability todeterioration.Having now become acquainted with the construction <strong>and</strong> working,it will be easy to trace out the cause <strong>of</strong> accidents. When the valve <strong>of</strong>a gas bottle which is fully charged to 120 atmospheres is suddenlyopened, the whole <strong>of</strong> the contents <strong>of</strong> the connections to the steel tubeare instantly compressed to 120th part <strong>of</strong> the natural size, <strong>and</strong> in thismanner will raise sufficient heat to ignite any inflammable matter thatmay be in the tube or elsewhere ; supposing traces <strong>of</strong> oil have been leftin the tube, or oil used as a lubricant for the valve <strong>of</strong> the cylinder orother purpose have been blown into the gauge tube, <strong>and</strong> the valve at thecylinder is turned on suddenly, what is the consequence ? If sufficientheat is generated with air to fire a foreign substance, how much morereadily will the substance burn in oxygen, <strong>and</strong> if the gauge has been usedpreviously for hydrogen, the result is supplemented. Result. —<strong>The</strong> oilis fired by the heat generated in tube, <strong>and</strong> this mixing with the hydrogenforms an explosive <strong>of</strong> no mean order, the tubebursts <strong>and</strong> blows out thefront <strong>of</strong> gauge with considerable force, <strong>and</strong> should this be protected by aglass cover, adds considerably to the damage that it is likely to ensue.Our knowledge <strong>of</strong> the chemical action <strong>of</strong> gases under great pressure has
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THEPROJECTIO,MA GIC LANTERN MANUAL
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OCSBLIBRAPY
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..INDEXA.Adjustment of a JclAlumini
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—increased by the aid of a powerf
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far back as 1811. Lanterns of the a
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mixadvisable to have a mahogany, or
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8A condenser can only take those ra
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There is a considerable difference
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12occasions, it is only necessary t
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14Triplexicon was first made it was
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i6aid of two screws. The two slots
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perfection, combustion, and purity,
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20back of lantern, in that case the
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sumed, the flow should be adjusted
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24which is passed over the rod, and
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26gases to be shut off without dist
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28made in their get up. We have nev
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3tserve to distribute the same to t
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(V>ao—IH
- Page 45 and 46: ;33the thing a study, and used such
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- Page 49 and 50: 35who designed the body of this lan
- Page 51 and 52: 37far back but equally flat to the
- Page 53 and 54: 39ceding one, therefore giving grea
- Page 55 and 56: 4tthe same as they do, in fact it i
- Page 57 and 58: —43reducing same as low as possib
- Page 59 and 60: 45With all three discs, as coincide
- Page 61 and 62: 47and the slides may be placed in a
- Page 63 and 64: 49inch and inch and-a-half screws,
- Page 65 and 66: SIshowing, gently push back the cov
- Page 67 and 68: 53sun rising and illuminating the p
- Page 69 and 70: 55large slides it was necessary to
- Page 71 and 72: 57A. Is a right angle prism, being
- Page 73 and 74: 59small diameter as through an obje
- Page 75 and 76: —6isize of disc can be produced.
- Page 77 and 78: —63COMPRESSED GASES.Compressed ga
- Page 79 and 80: 6sNO DANGER WITH GAS CYLINDERS,OR B
- Page 81 and 82: "67valves are of little use as a me
- Page 83 and 84: 69to reach our compressors without
- Page 85 and 86: ——71ascertain their bursting po
- Page 87 and 88: —73bottles black, and hydrogen (o
- Page 89 and 90: ;Having blown through every tube to
- Page 91 and 92: 77controlling the flow of compresse
- Page 93 and 94: 79The Duplex.—The chieffeaturecon
- Page 95: —8icarries the gas to the orifice
- Page 99 and 100: 8sTable for Ascertaining the Quanti
- Page 101 and 102: 87On no account use two separate bo
- Page 103 and 104: 89virtue, and if required to be use
- Page 105 and 106: 91In finishing up, turn out the hgh
- Page 107 and 108: 93good support in one sense— but
- Page 109 and 110: 95another takes its place without a
- Page 111 and 112: 97opposite side to that which he is
- Page 113 and 114: 99without doubt, this is the only t
- Page 115 and 116: lOIFig 56.SCREEN FRAMES.Considerabl
- Page 117 and 118: I03and hauled up. The pulley blocks
- Page 119 and 120: PRACTICAL HINTS TO INTENDING LECTUR
- Page 121 and 122: 107as well as the lecturer, a syste
- Page 123 and 124: 109Fig. 57- Fig. 58.READING LAMP.A
- Page 125 and 126: oils have to be substituted simply
- Page 127 and 128: 1^3Fig. 54.A cheap but none the les
- Page 129 and 130: 115Directions.— Having thoroughly
- Page 131 and 132: 117objectives which will not give s
- Page 133 and 134: 119is immersed, then as the water e
- Page 135 and 136: 12Ireadily splits up by cleavage) a
- Page 137 and 138: 123particular kind of structure und
- Page 139 and 140: 125the complementary colour to red
- Page 141 and 142: 127of a combined microscope and pol
- Page 143 and 144: 129without this defect is well nigh
- Page 145 and 146: 131diameter, and focus, the general
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133The loss of light is not so grea
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135cheap as circular pattern, but t
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^37A variety of subjects may be tre
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—139on an average far superior re
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—141development, immerse in the f
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143Hydrokinone.Solution I. Solution
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—145Add r drop of solution of Bro
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147crystal varnish, some red sable
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149boiled oil to the medium. Perfec
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;151sienna to impart warmth without
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iS3front glass injuring the paintin
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155Fig 73-Fig 74.handle to which th
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;157follows :—one end of the fram
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159on any slide providing it is dar
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i6iTrough, which consists of two gl
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—i63It is advisable to fill the t
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i65matter on the surface of the pur
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—167planation we have indicated i
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169single light box is very mislead
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. 173HAZELL, WATSON,
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ADVERTISEMENTS.I75Brilliant Effect.
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;ADVERTISEMENTS.ILIFFE & SOIL'SP HO
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ADVERTISEMENTS. 179ENORMOUS SUCCESS
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ADVERTISEMENTS.HUGHES' NEW PATTERN
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ADVERTISEMENTS. 183RussianJronJLamp
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TheADVERTISEMENTS. 185THE GRIND BIU
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nothingADVF.RTISE^[E^TS.iS7HUGHES'H
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THE MINIATURE MALDEN TRIPLE.HUGHES'
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No. 1 Lantern.THE: UNIVERSALMAGICLA
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!ADVERTISEM ENTS.Hughes' Special Pa
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:ADVERTISEMENTS. 191To Lecturers an
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ADVERT iSF.MENTS.1^3I^ ANTERNNEGATI
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ENGLANDSLANTERNAREPLATESUNSURPASSED
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A 000 618 714