Download Report - UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre - United ...

Endnotes17 Bandhu, 200218 UNAIDS/WHO, 200219 Tallis, 199820 The analyses, while very similar to anearlier work by Bloom et al. (1996), marka significant leap forward, in terms of thelarger number of countries for which dataare available, the increased length of thetime period over which the impacts of theepidemic can be assessed, and theavailability of better estimates of HIVprevalence and AIDS cases.21 Unfortunately, lack of good sentinelsurveillance data for HIV proved ahindrance in obtaining AIDS caseestimates for Nepal.22 The Hausman specification tests (seeTechnical Note B) reject the nullhypothesis of no reverse effect runningfrom life expectancy to HIV/AIDS.23 Our results are unchanged even if weexclude the sub-Saharan African countriesfrom our sample.24 Indeed, the same results hold even if theadult literacy rate variable is replaced byprimary and/or secondary enrolment rates,or by mean years of schooling in thepopulation aged 15 years and above.25 Stillwaggon, 200226 Bloom et al., 199727 Rao et al., 200128 Bloom, Mahal, Sevilla and River PathAssociates, 200129 Recent research in Cambodia, the countrywith the most advanced epidemic in Asia,demonstrates the poorest segments ofsociety have much less knowledge of howAIDS is transmitted and prevented. Peoplefrom this class are more likely to havesex at a younger age and use condomsless frequently. A study in Brazil showedthat three-quarters of people newlydiagnosed with HIV in the early 1980shad a university or secondary education,but by the early 1990s this share hadfallen to one-third.30 Bharat, 199931 World Bank, 200032 UNPA, 200033 UNDP, 200034 Lawyers’ Collective, 200035 UNIEM, 200136 The Behavioural Surveillance System(BSS) conducted by NACO of India revealsthat the poorest awareness was amongrural women in some states such as Bihar(20.6 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh (29.4per cent). (BSS survey, NACO, 2001)37 Zierler et al., 2000 find evidence from thestate of Massachusetts in the UnitedStates that economic deprivation has astrong positive association with theincidence of AIDS.38 Bloom et al., 199739 CPA media, 2001, p.1.40 Jeffreys, 2001; Kukis, 2001; WorldHealth Organization, 2001a41 Phongpaichit, 1982; Micaller, 200242 MAP 2001, p.2343 Wilson, 1999, p.1; Bryan, isher andBenziger, 200144 Wawer et al., 199645 ord and Koetsawang, 199146 National AIDS/STD Program, Bangladesh,200147 Bloom et al, 1997; National AIDS/STDProgram, Bangladesh, 2001, PakistanAIDS Prevention Society 2001; UNDP,2001; World Bank, 200048 Singh, 200149 MAP, 2001, p.2750 The research of Estebanez, itch andNajera (1993, pp.406-7) lends furthersupport to this conclusion by noting thefailure of methods focusing on isolationand imprisonment in order to controlsyphilis in the early twentieth century.51 Mahal, 1995; Canadian HIV/AIDS LegalNetwork, 200252 Philipson and Posner, 1995, p.83753 Bloom et al., 1997; Over, 200154 Gini co-efficient is an indicator of incomeinequality reflecting the distribution ofincome throughout the population. Ifincome is distributed equally across thepopulation, the co-efficient is equal tozero and if a few individualspredominantly hold the wealth, the coefficientis close to one.55 or more details, see Technical Note B56 Bloom et al., 199757 Bloom et al., 199758 Guinness and Alban, 2000, p.1059 Shepard, 1998, p.24760 Barnett et al., 200161 Bloom et al., 199762 Bloom, Mahal and River Path Associates,200263 Guinness and Alban 2000, and referencescited therein64 Barnett and Blaikie, 1992; Guinness andAlban, 2000, pp.7-865 Kwaramba, 199766 Bloom, Mahal and River Path Associates200267 Bloom, Mahal and River Path Associates2002, p.768 Bloom and Mahal, 1996 and referencescited therein; Giraud, 199369 Kanjilal and orsythe, 199770 Bollinger, Stover and Kibirige, 199971 Mahal, 200272 Bloom et al., 199773 World Bank, 199374 Kaplan and O’ Keefe, 1993; Over andPiot, 1993Regional Human Development Report140 HIV/AIDS and Development in South Asia 2003