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Endnotes75 Bloom et al., 2001; Over, 199876 At the micro-level there is someevidence, mostly from sub-SaharanAfrica, to support the assertion that thepoor and the less educated are at greaterrisk from HIV infection (Bloom et al.,2001). However, Over (1992) alsopresented evidence of greater HIVprevalence among the economically betteroff in small samples of individuals. Butthere is evidence that this may changeover time. A study in rural Uganda, on theother hand, found that in a cohort ofnearly 20,000 adults aged 15-59 yearsfollowed over three and a half years, HIVassociatedmortality was highest amongthe better educated. This section is likelyto be hit hardest during the early stagesof the epidemic, but infection rates arenow falling quickest among them (Bloomet al., 1998). This has importantimplications for South Asia as well,especially as most countries haverelatively low average education levels.77 Bloom and Mahal, 1996; Bloom et al.,1997; Bloom et al., 200178 Bloom et al. 1997Chapter 31 UNAIDS/WHO, 20022 UNAIDS/WHO, 20023 UNAIDS/WHO, 20024 World Bank, 20025 UNAIDS/WHO, 20026 of longer duration7 It should be noted that while the SentinnelSurveillance data provide model-basedestimates for HIV prevalence, the data onHIV prevalence are not derived from exactcalculations. It has also been pointed outthat the reported AIDS cases may be apoor guide to the severity of the epidemic,as in many cases the death of an HIVpositive person may have actually beenattributed to an opportunistic infectionsuch as TB.8 NACO, 20009 World Bank, 2002b10 UNAIDS, 1998.11 World Bank, 2002b12 World Bank, 2002b13 Reid and Costigan, 2002; World Bank 2002a14 World Bank, 2002b15 World Bank, 2002a16 The study was conducted to determinethe relationship between injecting druguse, HIV and Hepatitis C among maleinjecting drug users in Lahore, Nai Zindagiwas commissioned by UNDCP andUNAIDS in January 1999 for a baselinestudy. Data was collected from 200 maleIDUs in Lahore.17 UNDCP/UNAIDS, 199918 Shrestha et al., 199819 Numerous studies have documentedtrafficking in women and children in SouthAsia. Nepal Human Development Report,1998; UNHCR, 1994; Wadhwa, 199820 Amarasinghe, 200221 UNAIDS, 2000b22 Nahar, Tunon, Barkat-e-Khuda, 200023 Ramachandran, 199924 Shadpour, 199925 Yakandawala and Ranathunga, 199926 Valley Research Group, 199927 UNDP, 2001a28 Sen, 200029 MHHDC, 199930 Subramanian, 1992; Dreze, 200031 International Save the Children, 200232 itzpatrick, 1994.33 Dreze, 200034 Goswami and Dutta, 1999; Manchanda,2001; Chenoy, 2002; Butalia, 200235 Dhar, 200236 Huntington, 2001; Sanghera, n.d.37 UNIEM, 200038 Rahman, 200139 ‘National Policies’ are usually required tobe approved by the legislative bodies ofcountries and adopted as ‘legislation’,prior to their implementation40 Khanna, Nadkarni and Bhutani, 199841 Bloem et al., 199942 Information provided by Ms. Sitara,UNDP, Afghanistan based in Islamabad. E-mail dated 21 August 2001.43 UNAIDS/WHO, 200244 Articles 27, 28, 32 and 43, Constitutionof the People’s Republic of Bangladesh45 www.youandaids.org/SouthAsia/sa_bhutan.asp#46 www.youandaids.org/SouthAsia/sa_bhutan.asp#47 Articles 14, 15, 21, The Constitution ofIndia48 ‘State’ refers to government, municipalbodies, state controlled bodies &corporations & bodies created by statute49 MX v ZY, AIR 1997 Bom 40650 NHRC, 200151 Statement by Dr. Ali Akbar Sayyari,Deputy Minister for Health & MedicalEducation, Islamic Republic of Iran at theUNGASS in HIV/AIDS, June 200152 Article 11(2), Part 3, The Constitution ofthe Kingdom of Nepal53 Article 11(3), Part 3, The Constitution ofthe Kingdom of Nepal54 Article 12(5), Part 3, The Constitution ofthe Kingdom of Nepal55 Article 22, Part 3, The Constitution of theKingdom of NepalRegional Human Development ReportHIV/AIDS and Development in South Asia 2003 141
Endnotes56 Pradhan, 199857 Malla, 200158 World Bank 2002b59 Articles 25, 26 and 27, Part II,Constitution of the Islamic Republic ofPakistan60 World Bank 2002b61 World Bank 2002b62 Ordinance no. XL of 198163 Article 25(1) (a) Chapter III, TheConstitution of the Republic of Sri Lanka64 Article 11(2) Chapter III, The Constitutionof the Republic of Sri Lanka65 A doctor who acquired HIV from a bloodtransfusion in a semi-government hospitalwas told to find another job. (Samath,1997)66 Samath, 200167 www.youandaids.org68 World Bank, 2002b69 Statement by Ali-Akbar Sayyari , IslamicRepublic of Iran at the Special Session ofthe United Nations General Assembly onHIV/AIDS, 25 June 200170 Government of Pakistan, Ministry ofHealth and UNAIDS, 2000 World Bank,200171 World Bank, 2002b72 UNAIDS, 200273 World Bank, 2002a citing 1998-99National Sero-surveillance data74 Some of the information is adapted fromRoque and. Gubhaju, 200175 Iran News, July 24, 200176 Trang, 199977 Iran News, October 20, 200178 Agence rance-Presse, 200079 Maldives Human Development Report,2000Chapter 41 Some examples are the United NationsDeclaration of Commitment, June 2001and the Government of India’s NationalAIDS Prevention and Control Policy2 25 November 20003 Albertyn, 20004 U.S Committee for UN Population und,2002 (http://www/uscommittee.org/issue5_0.html)5 Australia, for instance, saw a greatdecrease in HIV/AIDS incidence when itintroduced a legal regime that protectedthe rights of those most at risk – sexworkers, injecting drug users – andintegrated PLWHA and vulnerable groupsby empowering them with information,access to services, decriminalisation,harm reduction etc.6 The Goa Public Health (Amendment) Act,1985 of the Indian state of Goa putanyone testing positive for HIV undermandatory isolation. This was lateramended to make such isolationdiscretionary.7 The Indian government has now adoptedan integrationist model in its NationalAids Prevention and Control Policy.8 Sabatier, 19889 Kirby, 200010 Justice Michael Kirby of the High Court ofAustralia at the plenary session on“Partnerships Across Borders AgainstHIV/AIDS”, 4th International Congress onAIDS in Asia and the Pacific, Manila,Philippines, 28 October 199711 Crandall and Moriarty, 199512 Bharat, 1999; Gilmore and Somerville,199413 CHANGE & ICRW, 200214 Goffman, 1963, defines stigma as a‘significantly discrediting’ attribute.15 UNDP & Sahara, 200216 Mr. X V. Hospital Z, [1998] 8 SCC 29617 Resolution 49/199918 According to MHHDC 2002, MaternalMortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births)1985-1999 weighted average is 492 forSouth Asia (excluding Afghanistan andIran)19 According to the Pakistan-based Lawyersfor Human Rights and Legal Aid (LHRLA),every year hundreds of women, of allages and in all parts of the country, arereported killed in the name of honour.During the first eight months of 2002,549 women became the victims ofbarbaric custom of Karo Kari (literallyblack man, black woman) in Pakistan andall the cases received wide publicity.Research by LHRLA showed that the realnumber of such killings is far greater thanthe number reported in the national printmedia. Honour killings are no longer onlyreported from remote rural areas but alsothoughless frequently-from towns andcities. The modes of killing vary, withpeople being hacked to pieces in Sindh,often in view of and with the implicit orexplicit sanction of the community. In theprovince of Punjab, such killings occur inan urban setting and appear based moreon individual decisions. The killings areusually carried out by shooting and are notalways carried out in public.20 The text in this and the subsequentsection draws heavily from Rivers andAggleton, 199921 Petchesky & Judd, 199822 Chinnock, 199623 McKenna, 199624 Silva et al., 199725 Bandhu, 2002Regional Human Development Report142 HIV/AIDS and Development in South Asia 2003
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It is now well accepted that HIV/AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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OverviewGlobally, the Human Develop
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AcknowledgementsCombating HIV/AIDS
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The TeamHDRC: K. Seeta Prabhu, Sura
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Page 163 and 164: Annexure IRegional Human Developmen
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Page 167 and 168: Annexure IAnnexure IIInternational
Page 169 and 170: Technical Note - ATechnical Note -
Page 171 and 172: Technical Note - A(EDEP) is calcula
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