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Table 3.4Policies and practices on selected HIV/AIDS-related issuesAfghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Iran (I.R.) Nepal Pakistan Sri LankaAdolescent Not recognised; Not a high No policy Major concern: Services HIV education Minimal WithinReproductive female access priority; age of action, but increase in for married in secondary policy nationalHealth Policy/ to services legal marriage some age for marriage/ adolescents; schools, but concern and reproductiveProgrammes 74 severely limited has been discussion some Information, minimal for policy not services health policy/raised; efforts Education and unmarried; ratified in schoolto have sex Communication HIV/AIDS in curriculaeducation insecondaryschools resistedschoolcurriculumHarm reduction Drug production N.A. N.A. Harm minimisation Drug use N.A. N.A. N.A.drug efforts and trade programmes are illegal; largefacilitated by encouraged through percentage ofunwritten targeted inter- IDUs whonational policy ventions for IDUs are jailed areor become HIVpositive 75Regional Human Development ReportHIV/AIDS and Development in South Asia 2003 67Trafficking N.A. Laws exist to Prohibited Prohibited, but Prohibited Policy and Illegal, but Illegalprevent trafficked action plan occurstrafficking women/girls exist toenter theprohibitcountrytrafficking forthe sex trade;practicecontinuesProtection for N.A. N.A. N.A. Upheld by courts, Health N.A. N.A. Very limitedHIV positive but discrimination ministryemployees occurs in practice 76 prohibitssome company firms frompolicies emerging dismissingHIV positiveemployees 77Note: N.A. indicates not availableThe HIV/AIDS Epidemics of South Asia
The HIV/AIDS Epidemics of South AsiaBox 3.15Critical role of political leadership in the response toHIV/AIDS in South AsiaSeveral activists have pointed out the need for greaterurgency on the part of political leaders in South Asia torecognise the existence of the problem and raise theresources required to deal with it. In India, for instance,it was only at the Global AIDS Law Conference in 1995that the President, Prime Minister and the Minister ofHealth shared a platform to speak on HIV/AIDS. In 2000,the Prime Minister of India chose to refer to this problemin his address to the nation. Thereafter, the issue ofcombating the epidemic has gained prominence. India’sPrime Minister has since met with the Chief Ministersof the six states with high prevalence rates to discussthe pace of implementation of state policies andinterventions.This initiative received wide publicity, thus adding asense of urgency and accountability for acceleratedstate-level action. The Prime Minister also met withbusiness leaders and supported the idea of establishinga Business Coalition Trust for HIV/AIDS in September2001. In December 1998, the Prime Minister Atal BihariVajpayee addressing a meeting on the National Programfor Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS declared that“HIV/AIDS is the most serious public health problemfacing India”. Chandrababu Naidu, the Chief Minister ofthe state of Andhra Pradesh, stated in 2002 that: “Iconsider AIDS the biggest enemy for society. If weignore it now, we will have problems. That is why wehave to break the silence”. The Indian delegation to theUN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS inJune 2001 was led by the Union Health Minister andincluded the leader of the opposition. A NationalConference on Human Rights and HIV/AIDS wasorganised in November 2000 by NACO in collaborationwith UNAIDS and specialised agencies of the UNsystem.In Pakistan, the Prime Minister’s address to the nationin 1998 contained details of the National Plan of Actionon Women developed by the Ministry of Women’sDevelopment. The Plan addressed not only HIV/AIDS,but also the broader issues of women and poverty, theimpact of economic policies on women, sexual violence,discriminatory laws and practices and human rights.In Nepal, on 5 December 2000, HRH the late CrownPrince had remarked that: “HIV/AIDS has now becomea problem that no one can afford to ignore”. 78 TheHealth Minister also stated, in 2002, that theimportance of regional responses and action remainsimperative to containing the epidemic in Nepal. TheQueen of Bhutan, HRH Ashi Sangay Wangchuk has alsobeen a powerful advocate for the rights of PLWHAand has spoken at various international platforms suchas the fifth and sixth International Congress on AIDSin the Asia Pacific (ICAAP).In Maldives, at the National Conference on the MaldivianChild held in July, 1991, the President Maumoon AbdulGayoom stated that: “…I would like to emphasise thefact that Islam does not prohibit the effective planningof family size or the use of contraceptives for thatpurpose. There should, therefore, be no hesitancy onany religious grounds to use contraceptive methods incarrying out our child spacing and family planningprogrammes”. 79 This statement became particularlyuseful when the Ministry of Health began to encouragethe use of condoms as a means of HIV prevention.technical exchange with developingcountries that have much to offer.With concerns that India might emergeas the global epicentre of the secondwave of HIV infections, HIV/AIDSbecomes a matter of serious concern forthe entire region.The South Asian countries must nowaddress the implications of the WorldTrade Organization (WTO) regimesregarding Intellectual Property Rightsand patent systems on ARV drug pricingand the growing demand for such drugs.The impact of growing conflictsituations and the limited availability ofresources in the countries of the regionmay well be compounded by imminentglobal recession. Health ministries andNGOs that are dependent on donorsmay find funding for HIV/AIDS dryingup as wealthy nations re-adjustdevelopmental aid programmes andpriorities.68Regional Human Development ReportHIV/AIDS and Development in South Asia 2003
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It is now well accepted that HIV/AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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OverviewGlobally, the Human Develop
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AcknowledgementsCombating HIV/AIDS
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The TeamHDRC: K. Seeta Prabhu, Sura
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ContentsCHAPTER 1Introduction1.1 Th
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Contents3.2 African AIDS is not a s
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GlossaryAIDSAcquired Immuno-deficie
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Introduction2Regional Human Develop
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Introductioncases, the region has t
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IntroductionAlthough theHIV/AIDS in
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IntroductionBox 1.2Human developmen
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IntroductionBox 1.3Millennium Devel
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Nexus between Human Development and
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The Way orward“The social andpoli
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The Way orwardis not a desirable on
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The Way orwarddevelopment, divert s
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The Way orwardProviding ARV treatme
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The Way orward5.5 Adolescent Sexual
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The Way orwardwomen’s lives are t
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The Way orwardcomprehensive guidanc
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The Way orwardInvolving religious l
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The Way orwardconcerns and extended
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The Way orwardlInvolvement of gover
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The Way orwardfor people who are an
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Endnotes17 Bandhu, 200218 UNAIDS/WH
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Endnotes56 Pradhan, 199857 Malla, 2
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Endnoteson Economic, Social and Cul
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Annexure IRegional Human Developmen
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Annexure ICountry Treaty Concluding
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Annexure IAnnexure IIInternational
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Technical Note - ATechnical Note -
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Technical Note - A(EDEP) is calcula
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Technical Note - Bvalue is to the u
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Technical Note - Bsubstantial degre
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Technical Note - Bthe rate of growt
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Technical Note - BThe full list of
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Technical Note - B(13) H =(α∗ρ
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Technical Note - BTable T1Human dev
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Technical Note - BTable T3(b)HIV/AI
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Technical Note - BTable T7HIV/AIDS
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Technical Note - BDominican Republi
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Statistical TablesStatistical Table
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Statistical TablesTable 3Profile of
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Statistical TablesRegional Human De
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Country act SheetsRegional Human De
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Country act SheetsBANGLADESHIndicat
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Country act SheetsINDIAIndicator Ye
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Country act SheetsMALDIVESIndicator
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Country act SheetsPAKISTANIndicator
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Country act SheetsRegional Human De
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