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Endnotes26 ILO, 200027 AO, 199528 UNDP, 2001a29 USAID Bangladesh, 200330 CATW, 200231 STOP, 200232 World Bank, 2002b33 UNAIDS. It must be noted that the figuresquoted here are from 1995 because noauthenticated data are available forAfghanistan since 1995.34 Simkhada, 200235 ODI, 199936 Law made by judges through theirdecisions in the absence of statutes,which then become precedents andbinding law37 Articles 27, 28, 32 and 43, Constitutionof the People’s Republic of Bangladesh38 Article 22, Part 3, The Constitution of theKingdom of Nepal39 Al-Suood, 199540 Reid and Costigan, 200241 Article 1, Law on Combating Drugs,1991.42 Taking depended drug users off drugswithout decreasing doses slowly resultingin severe withdrawal symptoms43 UNDCP, 1999b44 Dr. Bayram Yeganeh, Director, IranNational AIDS Prevention Committee(www.aegis.com/news/ips/2001/IP010303.html-)45 Human Rights Watch, 200246 Lawyers Collective HIV/AIDS Unit, anIndian NGO, has itself filed approximately80 such cases in the last four years invarious Indian courts.47 Hindustan Times, November 13, 200248 Johari, V. and Divan, V., 200149 Khanna, A. and Salvi, S., 200150 Shreedhar and Colaco, 199651 Glick, 1993; Jayasuriya, 1995.52 Healthcare workers are at risk ofoccupational exposure to HIV. Exposuresoccur through needle-sticks or cuts fromother sharp instruments (percutaneousexposures) contaminated with an infectedpatient’s blood or through contact of theeye, nose, or mouth (mucous membrane)or skin with a patient’s blood.53 www.regentsparkclinic.com/Post_Exposure_Prophylaxis_HIV.php54 Grover, 199355 Goonesekere, 199856 HAART suppresses viral replication tovirtually undetectable levels in bloodtests. HAART also leads to the gradualreplacement of CD4 lymphocytes.Therapy is usually begun when the patientis diagnosed with clinical AIDS,irrespective of CD4 cell count, or has aCD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm3, oris diagnosed with WHO Stages II or IIIHIV disease with a total lymphocyte countbelow 1200/mm.3. Thus, only a certainproportion of a country’s population ofpeople living with HIV will require ARVsat any given time. ARVs work indifferent ways. Some inhibit the viralreplication process. Others prevent theentry of HIV into CD4 lymphocytes. HIVreplicates itself with the help of twoenzymes known as reverse transcriptaseand protease. The first class of Antiretroviraldrugs work by inhibiting one orother of these viral enzymes and are,therefore, known as reverse transcriptaseand protease inhibitors. Certain otherARVs belonging to the second categoryintervene relatively early in the infectionprocess. These drugs, known as fusioninhibitors, work by blocking the fusion ofHIV with the CD4 T lymphocyte, thuspreventing the entry of the virus into the Tcell.57 UNAIDS/WHO, 200258 Dr Joep Lange, President, InternationalAIDS Society, at the launch of theInternational HIV Treatment AccessCoalition in Geneva, December 200259 Marseille et al., 200260 Parallel importation of drugs allowsindividuals or bodies to import genericdrugs to the country in spite of brandeddrugs of the same generic being sold inthe country by agents of the mainproducer. The parallel drug importationallows the customer the choice of a widerange of generic drugs at a lower price61 UNDP, 200162 Pharmaceutical Research andManufacturers of America estimates R&Dcosts at $500-800 million63 The types of intellectual propertyprotected under TRIPS include copyrights,trademarks, geographical indications,industrial designs, integrated circuits,patents and trade secrets.64 ink, 2000; Watal, 200065 Correa, 200266 Compulsory licenses are licenses issuedby an administrative authority onpredetermined terms that allow non-patentholders to produce a patented product.67 “Members may provide limited exceptionsto the exclusive rights conferred by apatent provided such exceptions do notunreasonably conflict with a normalexploitation of the patent and do notunreasonably prejudice the legitimateinterests of the patent owner, takingaccount of the legitimate interests of thirdparties”. TRIPS Agreement, Article 30.68 Love 2002, Correa 2002 etc.69 Office of the UN High Commissioner forHuman Rights, 2002. (CESCR-CovenantRegional Human Development ReportHIV/AIDS and Development in South Asia 2003 143