Download Report - UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre - United ...

Endnotes75 Bloom et al., 2001; Over, 199876 At the micro-level there is someevidence, mostly from sub-SaharanAfrica, to support the assertion that thepoor and the less educated are at greaterrisk from HIV infection (Bloom et al.,2001). However, Over (1992) alsopresented evidence of greater HIVprevalence among the economically betteroff in small samples of individuals. Butthere is evidence that this may changeover time. A study in rural Uganda, on theother hand, found that in a cohort ofnearly 20,000 adults aged 15-59 yearsfollowed over three and a half years, HIVassociatedmortality was highest amongthe better educated. This section is likelyto be hit hardest during the early stagesof the epidemic, but infection rates arenow falling quickest among them (Bloomet al., 1998). This has importantimplications for South Asia as well,especially as most countries haverelatively low average education levels.77 Bloom and Mahal, 1996; Bloom et al.,1997; Bloom et al., 200178 Bloom et al. 1997Chapter 31 UNAIDS/WHO, 20022 UNAIDS/WHO, 20023 UNAIDS/WHO, 20024 World Bank, 20025 UNAIDS/WHO, 20026 of longer duration7 It should be noted that while the SentinnelSurveillance data provide model-basedestimates for HIV prevalence, the data onHIV prevalence are not derived from exactcalculations. It has also been pointed outthat the reported AIDS cases may be apoor guide to the severity of the epidemic,as in many cases the death of an HIVpositive person may have actually beenattributed to an opportunistic infectionsuch as TB.8 NACO, 20009 World Bank, 2002b10 UNAIDS, 1998.11 World Bank, 2002b12 World Bank, 2002b13 Reid and Costigan, 2002; World Bank 2002a14 World Bank, 2002b15 World Bank, 2002a16 The study was conducted to determinethe relationship between injecting druguse, HIV and Hepatitis C among maleinjecting drug users in Lahore, Nai Zindagiwas commissioned by UNDCP andUNAIDS in January 1999 for a baselinestudy. Data was collected from 200 maleIDUs in Lahore.17 UNDCP/UNAIDS, 199918 Shrestha et al., 199819 Numerous studies have documentedtrafficking in women and children in SouthAsia. Nepal Human Development Report,1998; UNHCR, 1994; Wadhwa, 199820 Amarasinghe, 200221 UNAIDS, 2000b22 Nahar, Tunon, Barkat-e-Khuda, 200023 Ramachandran, 199924 Shadpour, 199925 Yakandawala and Ranathunga, 199926 Valley Research Group, 199927 UNDP, 2001a28 Sen, 200029 MHHDC, 199930 Subramanian, 1992; Dreze, 200031 International Save the Children, 200232 itzpatrick, 1994.33 Dreze, 200034 Goswami and Dutta, 1999; Manchanda,2001; Chenoy, 2002; Butalia, 200235 Dhar, 200236 Huntington, 2001; Sanghera, n.d.37 UNIEM, 200038 Rahman, 200139 ‘National Policies’ are usually required tobe approved by the legislative bodies ofcountries and adopted as ‘legislation’,prior to their implementation40 Khanna, Nadkarni and Bhutani, 199841 Bloem et al., 199942 Information provided by Ms. Sitara,UNDP, Afghanistan based in Islamabad. E-mail dated 21 August 2001.43 UNAIDS/WHO, 200244 Articles 27, 28, 32 and 43, Constitutionof the People’s Republic of Bangladesh45 www.youandaids.org/SouthAsia/sa_bhutan.asp#46 www.youandaids.org/SouthAsia/sa_bhutan.asp#47 Articles 14, 15, 21, The Constitution ofIndia48 ‘State’ refers to government, municipalbodies, state controlled bodies &corporations & bodies created by statute49 MX v ZY, AIR 1997 Bom 40650 NHRC, 200151 Statement by Dr. Ali Akbar Sayyari,Deputy Minister for Health & MedicalEducation, Islamic Republic of Iran at theUNGASS in HIV/AIDS, June 200152 Article 11(2), Part 3, The Constitution ofthe Kingdom of Nepal53 Article 11(3), Part 3, The Constitution ofthe Kingdom of Nepal54 Article 12(5), Part 3, The Constitution ofthe Kingdom of Nepal55 Article 22, Part 3, The Constitution of theKingdom of NepalRegional Human Development ReportHIV/AIDS and Development in South Asia 2003 141