Turbo Basic

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Device I/OTurbo Basic supports so-called device files; that is, it supports hardware devicessuch as the keyboard, screen, and printer as though they were sequential files.Each supported device has a reserved file name that ends in a colon:NameFunctionKYBD: The keyboard can be opened for input. Reading from device fileKYBD: is like using INKEY$.SCRN: The screen can be opened for output. Writing to the SCRN: device fileis like PRINTing.LPTl-3: Line printers 1 to 3.COMl-2: Communcations ports 1 and 2.For example:OPEN "SCRN:" FOR OUTPUT AS #1has the same effect asPRINT "Hello"andPRINT #1, "Hello"OPEN "KYBD:" FOR INPUT AS #1 INPUT 11, as, b$is the same asINPUT as, b$Turbo Basic: The Language 109
GraphicsWhen it comes to displaying information on the screen, a program generated byTurbo Basic must work within the constraints of the display hardware available toit. Turbo Basic supports three main class~s of video interfaces on PCs and compatibles:the Monochrome Display Adapter, which is only capable of monochrometext, and the Color/Graphics Adapter (CGA) and the Enhanced GraphicsAdapter (EGA), both of which can produce text and graphics in color and in blackand white (see Table 4-5).AdapterMonochromeTable 4-5Screen ModeoCGA 0,1,2EGA 0, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10CGA = Color/Graphics AdapterEGA = Enhanced Graphics AdapterGraphics Adapter CharacteristicsText Format80 column40/80 col.40/80 col.Comments80 x 25 characters, with 4attributes (normal, highlight,blinking, underline)Up to 16 colors (in text modeonly); up to 4 colors ingraphics mode. Screen resolution:640 x 200 pixels.Screen resolution: up to 640X 350 pixels. Up to 16 colorsout of a 64-color palette(depending on EGA memory)Corresponding to the talents of these video boards, Turbo Basic can select any ofthe supported text or graphics modes with the SCREEN and/or WIDTH statements.The Text ModesIn 80 column text mode (the only mode available with the Monochrome DisplayAdapter), the screen consists of 25 lines of 80 character positions each, numbered 1to 25 (top to bottom) and 1 to 80 (left to right). (See Figure 4-2.) In 40 column textmode (available with the CGA/EGA adapters), the screen consists of 25 lines of 40characters. Each position on each line can contain any of the characters listed inthe character set chart in Appendix F.110 Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
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Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
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A First Program ...................
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Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
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GOSUB statement ...................
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RSET statement ....................
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Output ............................
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IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
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TypographyThe body of this manual i
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c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
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soon as you press the Enter key (th
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Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
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c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
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your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
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• Run to execute programs or comp
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Block operations can be performed w
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_ •. --------------------",Turbo
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As its name implies, the selections
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I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
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Use the Directory option in the Fil
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The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
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c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
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The editor uses approximately 50 co
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Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
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Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
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Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
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When the search string is specifIed
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The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
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Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
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Be certain to choose unique file na
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detected, you are placed in the edi
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• Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
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Note that Overflow checking occurs
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.... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
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Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
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When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
Page 74 and 75: c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
Page 76 and 77: Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
Page 78 and 79: Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
Page 80 and 81: Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
Page 82 and 83: y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
Page 84 and 85: A numeric constant with a decimal p
Page 86 and 87: VariablesA variable is an identifie
Page 88 and 89: In an enhancement to Interpretive B
Page 90 and 91: Even though this code compiles with
Page 92 and 93: ExpressionsAn expression consists o
Page 94 and 95: Relational OperatorsRelational oper
Page 96 and 97: An OR mask sets selected bits of an
Page 98 and 99: FunctionsThere are two types of fun
Page 100 and 101: Line 170 determines the value FNFac
Page 102 and 103: Consider this program that defines
Page 104 and 105: ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
Page 106 and 107: Doing sO'will not, however, change
Page 108 and 109: Local arrays are automatically deal
Page 110 and 111: equal to 170; 3 passes this test, s
Page 112 and 113: Note that the space character canno
Page 114 and 115: parent of this directory. For examp
Page 116 and 117: to write it all back at the end. In
Page 118 and 119: Consider the following program and
Page 120 and 121: double-precision values into Micros
Page 122 and 123: And following is a sample program u
Page 126 and 127: Line 1, Column 1 Columns (1-80)80~L
Page 128 and 129: Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
Page 130 and 131: c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
Page 132 and 133: pathA string expression describing
Page 134 and 135: $COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
Page 136 and 137: $EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
Page 138 and 139: $INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
Page 140 and 141: $INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
Page 142 and 143: $SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
Page 144 and 145: $STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
Page 146 and 147: ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
Page 148 and 149: See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
Page 150 and 151: BIN$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 152 and 153: BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 154 and 155: Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
Page 156 and 157: See AlsoExampleREG as a function re
Page 158 and 159: CDBLfunctionFunctionSyntaxRestricti
Page 160 and 161: CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 162 and 163: CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 164 and 165: CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
Page 166 and 167: oExampleaspect is a numeric express
Page 168 and 169: PRINTI display no longer existing s
Page 170 and 171: CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 172 and 173: COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
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Example I This program demonstrates
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RestrictionsBackground values of 0
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PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
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COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
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DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
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DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
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See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
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Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
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, define segment for POKE and BSAVE
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DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
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FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
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RestrictionsExampleIn each instance
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ENDMEM functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
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ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
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IIan insufficient number of dataele
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EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
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FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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The counter variable in the NEXT st
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GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
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Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
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CALL CreateFile, create data file,
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GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
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IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
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INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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I read a line of text from theI seq
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INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
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KEY(n) statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LINE statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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UNE INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRe
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I input an entire line regardless o
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LOCAL statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
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MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
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MTIMERfunction and statementFunctio
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OCT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON/GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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ON PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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, move the file pOinter to the end
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See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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For example, the following pattern
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PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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PEEK functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
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POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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POS functianFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
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PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
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PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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PUT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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RESET 'statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RIGHT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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RND functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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RUN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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SCREEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SEEK statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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SELECT statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
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A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
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The Organizer For The Computer Age!
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1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
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If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
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Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
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GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
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"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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Turbo Basic

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