Turbo Basic

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pathA string expression describing a valid subdirectory on the logged drive. Examplesinclude:"\TURBOBAS""GAMES"LPRThe "Last Point Referenced" is used as an implicit coordinate value in someplotting operations, and is set by most graphics statements.labellabel represents either an alphanumeric label or line number identifying a programline. Line numbers and labels are more or less interchangeable in TurboBasic syntax except that labels must appear on a line by themselves.TypographyItalics indicate areas within commands to be filled in with application-specificinformation; for example:REG register,va7ueUPPERCASE text denotes part of a command that must be supplied verbatim;for example:RESUME NEXTBrackets ([ ]) mean that the enclosed information is optional; for example:OPEN filespec AS [I] filenummeans that you can include a number sign (#) before the file number in an OPENstatement or leave it out, at your option. Therefore both of the following are legal:OPEN "cust.dta" AS 1OPEN "cust.dta" AS 11Braces ({}) indicate a choice of two or more options, one of which must be used.The options are separated by vertical bars (I). For example:KEY {ONIOFF}means that both KEY ON and KEY OFF are valid statements, and that KEY byitself is not.Turbo Basic Reference Directory 117
Ellipses ( ... ) indicate that part of a command can be repeated as many times asnecessary. For example:READ variable [, variable] •••means that multiple variables, separated by commas, can be processed by a singleREAD statement:READ a$READ as, b$, a, b, cThree vertically spaced periods indicate the omission of one or more lines ofprogram text; for example:FOR n = 1 TO 10NEXT n118 Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
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Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
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A First Program ...................
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Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
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GOSUB statement ...................
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RSET statement ....................
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Output ............................
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IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
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TypographyThe body of this manual i
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c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
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soon as you press the Enter key (th
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Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
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c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
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your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
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• Run to execute programs or comp
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Block operations can be performed w
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_ •. --------------------",Turbo
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As its name implies, the selections
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I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
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Use the Directory option in the Fil
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The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
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c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
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The editor uses approximately 50 co
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Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
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Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
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Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
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When the search string is specifIed
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The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
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Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
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Be certain to choose unique file na
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detected, you are placed in the edi
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• Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
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Note that Overflow checking occurs
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.... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
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Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
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When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
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c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
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Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
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Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
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Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
Page 82 and 83: y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
Page 84 and 85: A numeric constant with a decimal p
Page 86 and 87: VariablesA variable is an identifie
Page 88 and 89: In an enhancement to Interpretive B
Page 90 and 91: Even though this code compiles with
Page 92 and 93: ExpressionsAn expression consists o
Page 94 and 95: Relational OperatorsRelational oper
Page 96 and 97: An OR mask sets selected bits of an
Page 98 and 99: FunctionsThere are two types of fun
Page 100 and 101: Line 170 determines the value FNFac
Page 102 and 103: Consider this program that defines
Page 104 and 105: ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
Page 106 and 107: Doing sO'will not, however, change
Page 108 and 109: Local arrays are automatically deal
Page 110 and 111: equal to 170; 3 passes this test, s
Page 112 and 113: Note that the space character canno
Page 114 and 115: parent of this directory. For examp
Page 116 and 117: to write it all back at the end. In
Page 118 and 119: Consider the following program and
Page 120 and 121: double-precision values into Micros
Page 122 and 123: And following is a sample program u
Page 124 and 125: Device I/OTurbo Basic supports so-c
Page 126 and 127: Line 1, Column 1 Columns (1-80)80~L
Page 128 and 129: Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
Page 130 and 131: c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
Page 134 and 135: $COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
Page 136 and 137: $EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
Page 138 and 139: $INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
Page 140 and 141: $INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
Page 142 and 143: $SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
Page 144 and 145: $STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
Page 146 and 147: ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
Page 148 and 149: See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
Page 150 and 151: BIN$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 152 and 153: BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 154 and 155: Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
Page 156 and 157: See AlsoExampleREG as a function re
Page 158 and 159: CDBLfunctionFunctionSyntaxRestricti
Page 160 and 161: CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 162 and 163: CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 164 and 165: CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
Page 166 and 167: oExampleaspect is a numeric express
Page 168 and 169: PRINTI display no longer existing s
Page 170 and 171: CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 172 and 173: COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
Page 174 and 175: Example I This program demonstrates
Page 176 and 177: RestrictionsBackground values of 0
Page 178 and 179: PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
Page 180 and 181: COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
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DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
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DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
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See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
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Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
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, define segment for POKE and BSAVE
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DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
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FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
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RestrictionsExampleIn each instance
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ENDMEM functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
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ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
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IIan insufficient number of dataele
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EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
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FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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The counter variable in the NEXT st
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GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
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Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
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CALL CreateFile, create data file,
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GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
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IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
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INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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I read a line of text from theI seq
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INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
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KEY(n) statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LINE statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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UNE INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRe
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I input an entire line regardless o
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LOCAL statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
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MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
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MTIMERfunction and statementFunctio
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OCT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON/GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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ON PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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, move the file pOinter to the end
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See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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For example, the following pattern
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PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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PEEK functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
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POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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POS functianFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
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PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
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PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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PUT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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RESET 'statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RIGHT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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RND functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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RUN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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SCREEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SEEK statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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SELECT statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
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A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
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The Organizer For The Computer Age!
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1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
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If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
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Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
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GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
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"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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Turbo Basic

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