Turbo Basic

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A numeric constant with a decimal point and more than six digits. or a wholenumber too large to be a long integer. is stored in double-precision floating-pointformat. For example:345.11.103211.1032133453212.1234Single precisionSingle precisionDouble precisionDouble precisionIdentifying Integer Constants in Other BasesIt is sometimes convenient to express integers in bases other than decimal. This isparticularly true when expressing information that is binary in character; for example.machine addresses. Turbo Basic allows you to specify integer data in hexadecimal(base 16). octal (base 8). and binary (base 2) notation. Note that long integerscan't be represented with the alternate notation.Hexadecimal constants consist of up to four characters. where each character isfrom the set 0 through 9 and A through F. and must be preceded by &11.Octal constants contain only the characters 0 through 7. can be up to 6 digitslong. and must be preceded by &0 (or &Q or simply &).Binary constants contain only Os and Is. can be up to 16 digits long, and must bepreceded by &B.Each of the following constants represents the integer. 256 decimal:256&H100&0400&400&B100000000Named ConstantsTurbo Basic allows you to refer to integer constants by name. This is an enhancementto Interpretive BASIC. something like the CaNST feature of Pascal. Onlyintegers can be named in this way.To name an integer constant, precede its identifier with the percent sign (%) andassign an integer constant to it. Unlike a variable. you can use a named constant onthe left side of an assignment statement exactly once. and only a constant value (nota variable or expression) may be assigned to it. For example:%debug = -1I a named constant, value -1debug% = 12409I an integer variablePRINT %debug, debug%I they are separate entities ••.Turbo Basic: The Language69
Use named constants for conditional compilation Hags (see the metastatementsin Chapter 5) and to increase the readability of your programs. (You can also usenamed constants to reduce the incidence of "magic numbers" in your programs.Magic numbers are mysterious values that mean something to you when you firstwrite a program, but not when you come back to it six months later.)70 Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
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Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
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A First Program ...................
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Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
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GOSUB statement ...................
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RSET statement ....................
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Output ............................
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IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
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TypographyThe body of this manual i
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c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
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soon as you press the Enter key (th
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Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
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c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
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your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
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• Run to execute programs or comp
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Block operations can be performed w
Page 34 and 35: _ •. --------------------",Turbo
Page 36 and 37: As its name implies, the selections
Page 38 and 39: I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
Page 40 and 41: Use the Directory option in the Fil
Page 42 and 43: The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
Page 44 and 45: c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
Page 46 and 47: The editor uses approximately 50 co
Page 48 and 49: Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
Page 50 and 51: Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
Page 52 and 53: Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
Page 54 and 55: When the search string is specifIed
Page 56 and 57: The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
Page 58 and 59: Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
Page 60 and 61: Be certain to choose unique file na
Page 62 and 63: detected, you are placed in the edi
Page 64 and 65: • Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
Page 66 and 67: Note that Overflow checking occurs
Page 68 and 69: .... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
Page 70 and 71: Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
Page 72 and 73: When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
Page 74 and 75: c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
Page 76 and 77: Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
Page 78 and 79: Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
Page 80 and 81: Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
Page 82 and 83: y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
Page 86 and 87: VariablesA variable is an identifie
Page 88 and 89: In an enhancement to Interpretive B
Page 90 and 91: Even though this code compiles with
Page 92 and 93: ExpressionsAn expression consists o
Page 94 and 95: Relational OperatorsRelational oper
Page 96 and 97: An OR mask sets selected bits of an
Page 98 and 99: FunctionsThere are two types of fun
Page 100 and 101: Line 170 determines the value FNFac
Page 102 and 103: Consider this program that defines
Page 104 and 105: ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
Page 106 and 107: Doing sO'will not, however, change
Page 108 and 109: Local arrays are automatically deal
Page 110 and 111: equal to 170; 3 passes this test, s
Page 112 and 113: Note that the space character canno
Page 114 and 115: parent of this directory. For examp
Page 116 and 117: to write it all back at the end. In
Page 118 and 119: Consider the following program and
Page 120 and 121: double-precision values into Micros
Page 122 and 123: And following is a sample program u
Page 124 and 125: Device I/OTurbo Basic supports so-c
Page 126 and 127: Line 1, Column 1 Columns (1-80)80~L
Page 128 and 129: Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
Page 130 and 131: c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
Page 132 and 133: pathA string expression describing
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$COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
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$EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
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$INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
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$SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
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ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
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See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
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BIN$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
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See AlsoExampleREG as a function re
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CDBLfunctionFunctionSyntaxRestricti
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CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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oExampleaspect is a numeric express
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PRINTI display no longer existing s
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CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
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Example I This program demonstrates
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RestrictionsBackground values of 0
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PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
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COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
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DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
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DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
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See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
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Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
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, define segment for POKE and BSAVE
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DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
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FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
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RestrictionsExampleIn each instance
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ENDMEM functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
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ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
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IIan insufficient number of dataele
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EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
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FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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The counter variable in the NEXT st
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GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
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Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
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CALL CreateFile, create data file,
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GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
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IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
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INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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I read a line of text from theI seq
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INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
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KEY(n) statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LINE statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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UNE INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRe
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I input an entire line regardless o
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LOCAL statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
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MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
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MTIMERfunction and statementFunctio
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OCT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON/GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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ON PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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, move the file pOinter to the end
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See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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For example, the following pattern
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PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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PEEK functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
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POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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POS functianFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
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PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
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PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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PUT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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RESET 'statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RIGHT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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RND functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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RUN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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SCREEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SEEK statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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SELECT statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
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A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
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The Organizer For The Computer Age!
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1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
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If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
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Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
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GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
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"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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