Turbo Basic

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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDifferencesSee AlsoINCR increments a variable.INCR numeric variable [,size]size is an optional numeric expression that indicates the value to beadded to the specified variable. If size is omitted, 1 is used.INCR is simply a quick way to increment a variable without usingan assignment statement.This statement is not available in Interpretive BASIC.DECRExample 1% = -15J% = -500Iinitialize counter variablesWHILE 1% < aPRINT 1%, J% I display the valueINCR 1% I increment value by 1INCR J%, 5 I increment value by 5WENDEND I end the programTurbo Basic Reference Directory 225
INKEY$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksINKEY$ reads the keyboard without echoing the character.s$ = INKEY$INKEY$ returns a string of 0, 1, or 2 characters reflecting the statusof the keyboard buffer.A null string (LEN(s$) = 0) means that the buffer is empty.A string of length (LEN(S$) = 1) means the string contains theASCII value of the most recently pressed key; for example, 13 forEnter (also known as carriage return), 65 for A.A two-character string (LEN(S$) == 2) means a non-ASCII keywas pressed. The first character in the -string has a value of 0 andthe second, an extended keyboard code, represents one of the keyboard'snon-ASCII keys, such as Home, PgOn, or the arrow keys.(See the extended keyboard code chart in Appendix F to determinethe key pressed.)If a defined function key 'is pressed (see the KEY statement),INKEY$ returns the sequence of characters (one per invocation ofINKEY$) that would have resulted had the characters in the definitionbeen typed independently.INKEY$ is designed as a bulletproof mechanism for getting userinput into your program without the restrictions of the INPUTstatement. Since INKEY$ doesn't wait for a character to be pressedbefore returning a result, you will usually use it within a loop in alow-level subroutine, continuously checking it and building aninput string to be checked by higher level routines.INKEY$ passes all keystrokes, including control keys such as Tab,Enter, and Backspace, to your program without displaying or processingthem, with the following exceptions:• Ctrl-Break terminates the program unless the Keyboard breakoption was turned off when the program was compiled.• Ctrl-Alt-Del causes a system reset.• Shift-PrtSc performs a screen dump.See AlsoINSTAT226Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
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Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
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A First Program ...................
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Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
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GOSUB statement ...................
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RSET statement ....................
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Output ............................
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IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
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TypographyThe body of this manual i
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c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
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soon as you press the Enter key (th
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Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
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c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
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your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
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• Run to execute programs or comp
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Block operations can be performed w
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_ •. --------------------",Turbo
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As its name implies, the selections
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I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
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Use the Directory option in the Fil
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The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
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c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
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The editor uses approximately 50 co
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Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
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Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
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Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
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When the search string is specifIed
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The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
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Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
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Be certain to choose unique file na
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detected, you are placed in the edi
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• Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
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Note that Overflow checking occurs
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.... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
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Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
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When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
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c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
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Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
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Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
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Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
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y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
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A numeric constant with a decimal p
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VariablesA variable is an identifie
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In an enhancement to Interpretive B
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Even though this code compiles with
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ExpressionsAn expression consists o
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Relational OperatorsRelational oper
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An OR mask sets selected bits of an
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FunctionsThere are two types of fun
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Line 170 determines the value FNFac
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Consider this program that defines
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ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
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Doing sO'will not, however, change
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Local arrays are automatically deal
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equal to 170; 3 passes this test, s
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Note that the space character canno
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parent of this directory. For examp
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to write it all back at the end. In
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Consider the following program and
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double-precision values into Micros
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And following is a sample program u
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Device I/OTurbo Basic supports so-c
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Line 1, Column 1 Columns (1-80)80~L
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Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
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c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
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pathA string expression describing
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$COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
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$EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
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$INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
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$SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
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ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
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See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
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BIN$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
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See AlsoExampleREG as a function re
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CDBLfunctionFunctionSyntaxRestricti
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CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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oExampleaspect is a numeric express
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PRINTI display no longer existing s
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CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
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Example I This program demonstrates
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RestrictionsBackground values of 0
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PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
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COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
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DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 190 and 191: DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
Page 192 and 193: DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
Page 194 and 195: See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
Page 196 and 197: Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
Page 198 and 199: , define segment for POKE and BSAVE
Page 200 and 201: DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
Page 202 and 203: DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
Page 204 and 205: FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
Page 206 and 207: RestrictionsExampleIn each instance
Page 208 and 209: ENDMEM functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 210 and 211: ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
Page 212 and 213: ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 214 and 215: ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
Page 216 and 217: IIan insufficient number of dataele
Page 218 and 219: EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 220 and 221: PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
Page 222 and 223: FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 224 and 225: FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
Page 226 and 227: The counter variable in the NEXT st
Page 228 and 229: GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
Page 230 and 231: Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
Page 232 and 233: CALL CreateFile, create data file,
Page 234 and 235: GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 236 and 237: IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
Page 238 and 239: IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
Page 242 and 243: ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
Page 244 and 245: INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 246 and 247: I read a line of text from theI seq
Page 248 and 249: INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
Page 250 and 251: INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 252 and 253: KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
Page 254 and 255: KEY(n) statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
Page 256 and 257: KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 258 and 259: LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 260 and 261: LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
Page 262 and 263: LINE statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 264 and 265: UNE INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRe
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Page 268 and 269: LOCAL statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 270 and 271: LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
Page 272 and 273: LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 274 and 275: LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
Page 276 and 277: MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 278 and 279: MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 280 and 281: Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
Page 282 and 283: MTIMERfunction and statementFunctio
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Page 286 and 287: ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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ON PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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, move the file pOinter to the end
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See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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For example, the following pattern
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PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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PEEK functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
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POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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POS functianFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
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PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
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PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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PUT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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RESET 'statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RIGHT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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RND functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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RUN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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SCREEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SEEK statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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SELECT statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
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A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
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The Organizer For The Computer Age!
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1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
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If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
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Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
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GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
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"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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