Turbo Basic

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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksExampleOUT writes to an I/O port.OUT portno,integer expressionOUT sends a byte value (0 to 255) to hardware output port portno,where portno is an integer expression from 0 to 65,535.OUT is necessary for controlling various hardware subsystems~such as a communications or video adapter. Used improperly, OUTcan easily crash a system.IIIIThe program makes the' speaker shriekby reading the status register andtoggling (on and off) the bitsthat control the speaker.I read value in port 61 HexStatusReg% = INP(&H61)StatusReg% = StatusReg% AND &HOOFCI mask the value read inI make the tone long enough to hearFOR J = 1 to 1000StatusReg% = StatusReg% XOR 2 I toggle speakerOUT &H61,StatusReg%I output new statusdelay .001NEXT JENDTurbo Basic Reference Directory 289
PAINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksPAINT fills an enclosed area on the graphics screen with a selectedcolor.PAINT (x,y) [[,co7or] [,boundary] [,backgroundj](x,y) specify a seed point in an enclosed area to be filled. If the seedpoint is within the enclosed· area, then the inside will be filled. Ifthe seed is outside the enclosed area, then the exterior will befilled.color can be either a numeric or string expression. If it isnumeric, it specifies the attribute (color) to fill with. If it is string,then it contains mask information that causes the area to be filledwith a pattern rather than a solid color. If you do not specify color,then the foreground color is used.boundary is the border color of the figure you are filling. PAINTstops the filling whenever it encounters the boundary color.background is an optional string mask used when you want torepaint areas. The background mask is a tile slice to skip· whenchecking for already filled areas.The PAINT statement can fill any enclosed shape, no matter howcomplex. Turbo Basic chooses a byte to be plotted using the formulay mod tile lengthMake sure the region to be filled is fully enclosed, because if thefill "leaks," your entire picture may be ruined.If argument color is numeric, then PAINT fills the shape with theindicated color, stopping at pixels of attribute boundary or attributecolor.If color is a string expression, then tiling is used to define a patternthe area is to be filled with. The pattern represented by stringcolor arguments is I-byte wide (representing 4 pixels in mediumresolution and 8 pixels in high resolution mode), and from 1 to 64bytes long (representing 1 to 64 scan lines vertically).When tiling, color must be formatted like so:CHR$(&Hnn) + CHR$(&Hnn) .••The mask is based on the underlying bit values of color, with thefirst character representing the first line of the pattern, the secondcharacter the second. line of the pattern, and so on.290Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
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Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
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A First Program ...................
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Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
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GOSUB statement ...................
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RSET statement ....................
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Output ............................
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IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
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TypographyThe body of this manual i
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c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
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soon as you press the Enter key (th
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Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
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c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
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your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
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• Run to execute programs or comp
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Block operations can be performed w
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_ •. --------------------",Turbo
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As its name implies, the selections
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I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
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Use the Directory option in the Fil
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The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
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c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
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The editor uses approximately 50 co
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Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
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Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
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Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
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When the search string is specifIed
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The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
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Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
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Be certain to choose unique file na
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detected, you are placed in the edi
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• Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
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Note that Overflow checking occurs
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.... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
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Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
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When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
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c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
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Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
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Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
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Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
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y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
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A numeric constant with a decimal p
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VariablesA variable is an identifie
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In an enhancement to Interpretive B
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Even though this code compiles with
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ExpressionsAn expression consists o
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Relational OperatorsRelational oper
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An OR mask sets selected bits of an
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FunctionsThere are two types of fun
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Line 170 determines the value FNFac
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Consider this program that defines
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ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
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Doing sO'will not, however, change
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Local arrays are automatically deal
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equal to 170; 3 passes this test, s
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Note that the space character canno
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parent of this directory. For examp
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to write it all back at the end. In
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Consider the following program and
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double-precision values into Micros
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And following is a sample program u
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Device I/OTurbo Basic supports so-c
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Line 1, Column 1 Columns (1-80)80~L
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Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
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c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
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pathA string expression describing
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$COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
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$EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
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$INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
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$SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
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ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
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See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
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BIN$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
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See AlsoExampleREG as a function re
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CDBLfunctionFunctionSyntaxRestricti
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CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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oExampleaspect is a numeric express
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PRINTI display no longer existing s
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CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
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Example I This program demonstrates
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RestrictionsBackground values of 0
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PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
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COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
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DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
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DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
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See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
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Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
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, define segment for POKE and BSAVE
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DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
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FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
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RestrictionsExampleIn each instance
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ENDMEM functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
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ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
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IIan insufficient number of dataele
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EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
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FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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The counter variable in the NEXT st
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GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
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Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
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CALL CreateFile, create data file,
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GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
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IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
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INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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I read a line of text from theI seq
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INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
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Page 256 and 257: KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 258 and 259: LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 260 and 261: LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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Page 270 and 271: LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
Page 272 and 273: LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 274 and 275: LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
Page 276 and 277: MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 278 and 279: MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 280 and 281: Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
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Page 286 and 287: ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
Page 288 and 289: ON/GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRema
Page 290 and 291: ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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Page 294 and 295: ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
Page 296 and 297: ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
Page 298 and 299: See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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Page 302 and 303: See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
Page 306 and 307: For example, the following pattern
Page 308 and 309: PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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Page 312 and 313: PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
Page 314 and 315: PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 316 and 317: See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
Page 318 and 319: POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Page 322 and 323: PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 324 and 325: PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
Page 326 and 327: PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
Page 328 and 329: PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 330 and 331: PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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Page 334 and 335: READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 336 and 337: ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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Page 340 and 341: RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
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A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
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The Organizer For The Computer Age!
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1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
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If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
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Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
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GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
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"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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Turbo Basic

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