Turbo Basic

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CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksCHAIN invokes a Turbo Basic chain module (created as a .TBC or.EXE file).CHAIN filespecfilespec is a string expression that follows standard DOS namingconventions and represents a Turbo Basic chain module (extension.TBC). If the extension is omitted, .TBC is assumed. Therefore, ifyou want to specify an .EXE file, you must append .EXE to the filename. The variables listed as COMMON in both the current programand the destination program are passed to the destinationprogram.In the testing phase, the calling program must be compiled to an.EXE file, because you can't chain from within Turbo Basic. Thecalled program must be compiled to disk as a chain module (an.EXE or .TBC file).If the arguments to the COMMON statements in the calling programand the called program don't match (for example, floatingpointvariables in one place and integers in another), a run-timeerror occurs.Turbo Basic doesn't support Interpretive BASIC's line numberorientedCHAIN options, including DELETE, MERGE, andCHAIN linenumber. Since you can't specify a line number within adestination chain module, execution always starts at the beginning.RestrictionsDifferencesSee AlsoIn translating a CHAINed system of Interpretive BASIC programsto Turbo Basic, you may find that Turbo Basic's expanded useof memory allows consolidating individual modules into a singleprogram, making chaining unnecessary.CHAINing can only be done when a program is being executedfrom DOS; that is, from an .EXE file. MERGE, DELETE, ALL,and CHAINing to a line number are not supported.In Turbo Basic, CHAINing is done from one compiled program toanother that has been compiled to a .TBC or .EXE file.COMMONTurbo Basic Reference Directory 145
ExampleConsider PROGI that chains to PROG2:PROG1.BAS, declare variables to be passed, to the chained program:, single precision scalar variables a and b,, and integer array c%DIM c%(3000)a = 65 : b = 13 : c%(2000) = 12COMMON a, b, c%(l), specify # of dimensions in arrayCHAIN IPROG2"PROG2.BAS, declare variables to be ~eceived, from the invoking program, they must be in the same order, have the same, type, but don't need the same nameCOMMON x, y, z%(l)PRINT x, y, z%(2000)When PROGl.EXE is invoked from DOS, it will automaticallybring in module PROG2.TBC and execute it, printing out thevalues assigned inPROGl. When PROG2 ends, it returns to DOS,not to ·PROGl.146Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
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Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
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A First Program ...................
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Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
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GOSUB statement ...................
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RSET statement ....................
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Output ............................
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IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
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TypographyThe body of this manual i
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c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
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soon as you press the Enter key (th
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Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
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c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
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your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
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• Run to execute programs or comp
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Block operations can be performed w
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_ •. --------------------",Turbo
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As its name implies, the selections
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I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
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Use the Directory option in the Fil
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The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
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c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
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The editor uses approximately 50 co
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Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
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Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
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Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
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When the search string is specifIed
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The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
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Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
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Be certain to choose unique file na
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detected, you are placed in the edi
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• Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
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Note that Overflow checking occurs
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.... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
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Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
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When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
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c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
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Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
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Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
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Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
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y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
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A numeric constant with a decimal p
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VariablesA variable is an identifie
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In an enhancement to Interpretive B
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Even though this code compiles with
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ExpressionsAn expression consists o
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Relational OperatorsRelational oper
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An OR mask sets selected bits of an
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FunctionsThere are two types of fun
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Line 170 determines the value FNFac
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Consider this program that defines
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ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
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Doing sO'will not, however, change
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Local arrays are automatically deal
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Page 120 and 121: double-precision values into Micros
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Page 128 and 129: Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
Page 130 and 131: c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
Page 132 and 133: pathA string expression describing
Page 134 and 135: $COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
Page 136 and 137: $EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
Page 138 and 139: $INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
Page 140 and 141: $INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
Page 142 and 143: $SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
Page 144 and 145: $STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
Page 146 and 147: ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
Page 148 and 149: See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
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Page 152 and 153: BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 154 and 155: Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
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Page 162 and 163: CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 164 and 165: CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
Page 166 and 167: oExampleaspect is a numeric express
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Page 170 and 171: CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 172 and 173: COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
Page 174 and 175: Example I This program demonstrates
Page 176 and 177: RestrictionsBackground values of 0
Page 178 and 179: PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
Page 180 and 181: COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
Page 182 and 183: COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
Page 184 and 185: CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
Page 186 and 187: FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
Page 188 and 189: DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
Page 190 and 191: DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
Page 192 and 193: DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
Page 194 and 195: See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
Page 196 and 197: Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
Page 198 and 199: , define segment for POKE and BSAVE
Page 200 and 201: DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
Page 202 and 203: DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
Page 204 and 205: FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
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ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
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ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
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IIan insufficient number of dataele
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EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
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FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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The counter variable in the NEXT st
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GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
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Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
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CALL CreateFile, create data file,
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GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
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IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
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INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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I read a line of text from theI seq
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INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
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KEY(n) statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LINE statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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UNE INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRe
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I input an entire line regardless o
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LOCAL statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
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MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
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MTIMERfunction and statementFunctio
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OCT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON/GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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ON PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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, move the file pOinter to the end
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See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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For example, the following pattern
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PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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PEEK functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
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POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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POS functianFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
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PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
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PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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PUT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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RESET 'statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RIGHT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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RND functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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RUN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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SCREEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SEEK statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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SELECT statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
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A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
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The Organizer For The Computer Age!
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1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
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If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
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Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
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GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
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"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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Turbo Basic

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