Turbo Basic

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As its name implies, the selections in the Options menu provide control overcertain aspects of the upcoming compilation. At this point, especially if TurboBasic is your first encounter with a compiled language, some of these selectionsmay seem somewhat mysterious. (The compiler options are discussed in detail inChapter 3 under the section entitled "The Options Command.")Right now the only one you're interested in is Keyboard break, which is currentlyturned off. With this option on, however, you can interrupt most programs(stop I/O) generated by the compiler. With this option off, you'll be unable tointerrupt (via Ctrl-Break) any program generated by the compiler. So to preventMYFIRST from running forever, press K (a toggle switch) to tum on the Keyboardbreak option, and then press Esc to return to the main menu.CompilingPress C to compile MYFIRST (like the editor, the compiler processes the currentwork file). Quickly and quietly the compiler examines the characters of yourprogram and builds the machine language equivalent. This phase, for even a simpleprogram like MYFIRST, can take some BASIC compilers the better part of aminute.If the compiler finds something in your source program that isn't acceptableTurbo Basic grammar, it will be noted on the editor status line and you'll be droppedautomatically into the editor at the point of the error. If this happens to you,press Esc and edit your program. Then exit the editor and recompile: press Esc,then C.After the CompileAfter a successful compilation, there are two versions of MYFIRST in memory: (1)the source program you've created with the editor, and (2) the resulting executableprogram 8086 machine language created by the compiler.In the Message window, Turbo Basic brags about how fast it is and gives somestatistics on the compilation (see Figure 2-4).Touring Turbo Basic 21
Turho BdSI(L file EdIt Run :mnr ')pt IOns Setup Window Debug- ---- --- - --- - - ---- - ------------.. it 'fN.,eG:ItVFIRST.BIIS Line 7 Col 17 Insert Indent TabIIIIILI -1rol.=ITOaIl1O ;0$'Inll' A$ ....IIIICT •nnll'usnuII ..lATA .... e.ti'" TUM I;osi., -- TIle. r;ostest. WIC. 0 •• lut.J1Iess;o,ec:o.,i1i",: ItVrllSTLi ..: OJ Stat: 11Coie: II'J4I;ota: II ... sn: IMII rJ'etl: 31511IFl-Heip "-"ext "-Goto SCIOLL-Size/aove••IAlt-K-ExitFigure 2-4Statistics of CompilationThe statistics indicate in Hex bytes the compiled program's code segment size,stack size, and data area size. Also noted are the number of statements and linescompiled, plus the amount of free space left in memory for compilation. (Be assuredthat you don't need to know anything about hex or stacks or buffers to write TurboBasic programs, any more than you need to know these things to work with InterpretiveBASIC. The information is here if you need it; usually you won't.)Running the ProgramNow that you've translated your source program into machine language, you canrun it by pressing R. Check out your program output in the Run window (seeFigure 2-5).22 Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
Page 2: Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
Page 5 and 6: A First Program ...................
Page 7 and 8: Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
Page 9 and 10: GOSUB statement ...................
Page 11 and 12: RSET statement ....................
Page 14 and 15: Output ............................
Page 16 and 17: IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
Page 18 and 19: TypographyThe body of this manual i
Page 20 and 21: c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
Page 22 and 23: soon as you press the Enter key (th
Page 24 and 25: Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
Page 26 and 27: c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
Page 28 and 29: your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
Page 30 and 31: • Run to execute programs or comp
Page 32 and 33: Block operations can be performed w
Page 34 and 35: _ •. --------------------",Turbo
Page 38 and 39: I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
Page 40 and 41: Use the Directory option in the Fil
Page 42 and 43: The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
Page 44 and 45: c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
Page 46 and 47: The editor uses approximately 50 co
Page 48 and 49: Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
Page 50 and 51: Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
Page 52 and 53: Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
Page 54 and 55: When the search string is specifIed
Page 56 and 57: The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
Page 58 and 59: Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
Page 60 and 61: Be certain to choose unique file na
Page 62 and 63: detected, you are placed in the edi
Page 64 and 65: • Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
Page 66 and 67: Note that Overflow checking occurs
Page 68 and 69: .... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
Page 70 and 71: Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
Page 72 and 73: When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
Page 74 and 75: c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
Page 76 and 77: Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
Page 78 and 79: Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
Page 80 and 81: Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
Page 82 and 83: y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
Page 84 and 85: A numeric constant with a decimal p
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VariablesA variable is an identifie
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In an enhancement to Interpretive B
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Even though this code compiles with
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ExpressionsAn expression consists o
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Relational OperatorsRelational oper
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An OR mask sets selected bits of an
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FunctionsThere are two types of fun
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Line 170 determines the value FNFac
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Consider this program that defines
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ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
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Doing sO'will not, however, change
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Local arrays are automatically deal
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equal to 170; 3 passes this test, s
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Note that the space character canno
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parent of this directory. For examp
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to write it all back at the end. In
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Consider the following program and
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double-precision values into Micros
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And following is a sample program u
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Device I/OTurbo Basic supports so-c
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Line 1, Column 1 Columns (1-80)80~L
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Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
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c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
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pathA string expression describing
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$COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
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$EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
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$INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
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$SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
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ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
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See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
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BIN$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
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See AlsoExampleREG as a function re
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CDBLfunctionFunctionSyntaxRestricti
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CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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oExampleaspect is a numeric express
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PRINTI display no longer existing s
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CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
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Example I This program demonstrates
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RestrictionsBackground values of 0
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PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
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COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
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DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
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DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
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See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
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Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
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, define segment for POKE and BSAVE
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DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
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FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
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RestrictionsExampleIn each instance
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ENDMEM functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
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ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
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IIan insufficient number of dataele
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EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
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FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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The counter variable in the NEXT st
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GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
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Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
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CALL CreateFile, create data file,
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GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
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IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
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INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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I read a line of text from theI seq
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INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
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KEY(n) statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LINE statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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UNE INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRe
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I input an entire line regardless o
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LOCAL statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
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MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
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MTIMERfunction and statementFunctio
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OCT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON/GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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ON PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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, move the file pOinter to the end
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See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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For example, the following pattern
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PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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PEEK functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
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POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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POS functianFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
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PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
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PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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PUT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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RESET 'statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RIGHT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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RND functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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RUN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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SCREEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SEEK statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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SELECT statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
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A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
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The Organizer For The Computer Age!
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1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
Page 488 and 489:
If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
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Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
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GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
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"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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Turbo Basic

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