Turbo Basic

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TypographyThe body of this manual is printed in a normal typeface; other typefaces havespecial meaning .. Alternate type is used for example programs and screen output; for example:Dir mask:Italic type emphasizes an important concept or word. In particular, italics areused in syntax descriptions to indicate areas within commands to be filled in withapplication-specific information; for example:REG register, valueUPPERCASE text denotes part of a BASIC command that must be suppliedverbatim; for example:RESUME NEXTCertain characters have special meaning when they appear in syntax descriptions.Brackets ([ ]) mean .that the enclosed information is optional. For example:OPEN fi 1 espec AS [I] fi 7 enummeans that you can include a number sign (#) before the file number or leave itout, at your option. Therefore, both of the follOwing are legal:OPEN "cust.dta" AS 1OPEN "cust.dta" AS #1Braces ({ }) indicate a choice of two or more options, one of which mustbe used.The options are separated by vertical bars (I). For example:KEY {ONIOFF}means that both KEY ON and KEY OFF are valid statements, and that KEY byitself is not.Ellipses ( ..• ) indicate. that part of a command can be repeated as many times asnecessary. For example:READ variable [, variable] •••means that multiple variables, separated by commas, can be processed by a singleREAD statement:READ a$READ as, b$, a,b, cIntroduction 3
Three vertically spaced periods indicate the omission of one or more lines ofprogram text; for example:FOR n = 1 TO 10NEXT nSystem RequirementsTurbo Basic itself requires MS-DOS or PC-DOS 2.0 or above. In addition, anyprogram you create will require DOS 2.0 or above to execute.Turbo Basic and the programs you create with it are designed to work on theIBM PC, X'f®, or AT® models, or a fully compatible machine. Graphics features ofthe language are not available without appropriate graphics hardware, such as theColor/Graphics Adapter, the Enhanced Graphics Adapter, or equivalents, and asuitable display.AckoowledgementsWe refer to several different products in this manual; the following lists each oneand its respective company:• Turbo Pascal and SideKick are registered trademarks and Turbo Basic is a trademarkof Borland International, Inc.• GW BASIC and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of MicrosoftCorp.• WordStar is a registered trademark ofMicroPro International, Inc.• IBM, X1: and AT are. registered trademarks of International Business MachinesCorp.• MultiMateis a trademark of MultiMate International Corp.• dBASE is a registered trademark of Ashton-Tate.• Lotus 1-2-3 is. a registered trademark of Lotus Development Corp.4 Turbo Basic Owner's Handbook
Page 2: Turbo Basic ~Owner;'s HandbookCopyr
Page 5 and 6: A First Program ...................
Page 7 and 8: Nondelimited Sequential Files .....
Page 9 and 10: GOSUB statement ...................
Page 11 and 12: RSET statement ....................
Page 14 and 15: Output ............................
Page 16 and 17: IntroductionTurbo Basic is a self-c
Page 20 and 21: c H A p T E R 1About BASICLike Main
Page 22 and 23: soon as you press the Enter key (th
Page 24 and 25: Turbo Basic's enormous compilation
Page 26 and 27: c H A p T E R 2Touring Turbo BasicT
Page 28 and 29: your AUTO EXEC. BAT file (see Appen
Page 30 and 31: • Run to execute programs or comp
Page 32 and 33: Block operations can be performed w
Page 34 and 35: _ •. --------------------",Turbo
Page 36 and 37: As its name implies, the selections
Page 38 and 39: I..ILI 1 •••••roaa=lfte(I
Page 40 and 41: Use the Directory option in the Fil
Page 42 and 43: The System WindowsTurbo Basic provi
Page 44 and 45: c H A p T E R 3Turbo Basic: The Pro
Page 46 and 47: The editor uses approximately 50 co
Page 48 and 49: Basic Movement CommarulsHere are so
Page 50 and 51: Use Overwrite mode to replace old t
Page 52 and 53: Miscellaneous Editing CommandsThis
Page 54 and 55: When the search string is specifIed
Page 56 and 57: The CompilerTurbo Basic's compiler
Page 58 and 59: Turbo Basic's context-sensitive hel
Page 60 and 61: Be certain to choose unique file na
Page 62 and 63: detected, you are placed in the edi
Page 64 and 65: • Bounds• Overflow• Stack tes
Page 66 and 67: Note that Overflow checking occurs
Page 68 and 69:
.... ---_._----- .-ltes .... 'e ---
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Save Options/Window/SetupS saves th
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When a run-time error occurs, Turbo
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c H A p T E R 4Turbo Basic: The Lan
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Examples include:SORTSUBROUTINE:Ex;
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Reseroed WordsTurbo Basic reserves
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Numbers in Turbo·BasicThe care and
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y Interpretive BASIC. (For more inf
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A numeric constant with a decimal p
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VariablesA variable is an identifie
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In an enhancement to Interpretive B
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Even though this code compiles with
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ExpressionsAn expression consists o
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Relational OperatorsRelational oper
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An OR mask sets selected bits of an
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FunctionsThere are two types of fun
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Line 170 determines the value FNFac
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Consider this program that defines
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ActionReturn a valueCalling methodP
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Doing sO'will not, however, change
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Local arrays are automatically deal
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equal to 170; 3 passes this test, s
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Note that the space character canno
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parent of this directory. For examp
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to write it all back at the end. In
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Consider the following program and
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double-precision values into Micros
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And following is a sample program u
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Device I/OTurbo Basic supports so-c
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Line 1, Column 1 Columns (1-80)80~L
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Absolute and Relative CoordinatesMo
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c H A p T E R 5Turbo Basic Referenc
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pathA string expression describing
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$COM metastatementFunctionSyntaxRem
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$EVENT metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$INCLUDE metastatementFunctionSynta
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$INLINE metastatementFunctionSyntax
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$SOUND metastatementFunctionSyntaxR
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$STATIC metastatementFunctionSyntax
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ASC functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksRe
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See AlsoExampleConvert degrees to r
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BIN$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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BSAVE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Integer% = 1Longlnt& = 2SinglePrel
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See AlsoExampleREG as a function re
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CDBLfunctionFunctionSyntaxRestricti
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CHAIN statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CHDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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CINT functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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oExampleaspect is a numeric express
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PRINTI display no longer existing s
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CLOSE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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COLOR statement (graphics mode)Func
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Example I This program demonstrates
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RestrictionsBackground values of 0
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PRINT IICOM Port input: II;ComPortI
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COMMON statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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COS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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CSRLIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FOR I% = 1 TO 5 I read data from fi
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DATA statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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DATE$ system variableFunctionSyntax
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DEF FN/END DEF statementFunctionSyn
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See AlsoExampleLOCALSHAREDSTATIC$ST
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Restrictionsvariable j's first appe
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, define segment for POKE and BSAVE
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DIM statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksD
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DO/LOOP statementFunctionSyntaxDO/L
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FunctionSyntaxRemarksDRAW draws sha
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RestrictionsExampleIn each instance
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ENDMEM functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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ENVIRON$ functionFunctionSyntaxRema
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ERADRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ERDEV, ERDEV$functionsFunctionSynta
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IIan insufficient number of dataele
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EXIT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PRINT RND(Dummy%)I this is the same
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FIELD statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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FIX functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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The counter variable in the NEXT st
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GET statement (fiks)FunctionSyntaxR
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Turbo Basic stores the graphics dat
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CALL CreateFile, create data file,
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GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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IF statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksDi
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IF block statementFunctionSyntaxIF
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INCR statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExamplePRINT "Enter some characters
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INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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I read a line of text from theI seq
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INS TAT functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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INT function.FunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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KEY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksK
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KEY(n) statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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KILL statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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LCASE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LEN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LINE statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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UNE INPUT statementFunctionSyntaxRe
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I input an entire line regardless o
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LOCAL statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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LOF functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksEx
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LPOS functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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LSET statement, FunctionSyntaxRemar
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MID$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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MKDIR statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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Example OPEN "MKILSD.DTA" AS 11 LEN
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MTIMERfunction and statementFunctio
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OCT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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ON ERROR statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON/GOTO statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON KEY(IO) GOSUB GoodByeI turn FlO
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ON PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRema
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ON STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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ON TIMER statementFunctionSyntaxRem
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See AlsoExampleThe two forms of the
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, move the file pOinter to the end
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See AlsoExampleThe msec argument of
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OUT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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For example, the following pattern
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PALETTE, PALETTE USING statementsFu
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PEEK functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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PLAY statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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See AlsoExampleMF"Music Foreground"
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POINT functianFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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POS functianFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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PRINT statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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PRINT # and PRINT # USING statement
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PRINT USING statementFunctionSyntax
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PSET statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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PUT statement (graphics)FunctionSyn
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PUT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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READ statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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ExampleDEFINT a-zDIM a(100)DIM Fill
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RESET 'statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RESUME statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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RIGHT$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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RND functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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RUN statementFunctionSyntaxRemarksE
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SCREEN statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SEEK statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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SELECT statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SHARED statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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SIN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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SPACE$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SQRfunctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksExa
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STICK/unctionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksS
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STRIG statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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SUB/END SUB, SUB INLINE statements,
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See AlsoExamplecreates three local
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SYSTEM statementFunctionSyntaxRemar
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TAN functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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TIMER functionFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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THON and THOFF commandsFunctionSynt
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UBOUND functionFunctionSyntaxRemark
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VAL functionFunctionSyntaxRemarksSe
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VARPTR$ functionFunctionSyntaxRemar
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VIEW statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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WAlT statementFunctionSyntaxRemarks
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Example I set the value of I to 0I
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Example, set to medium resolution g
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See Alsocreates a 4 trillion point
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WRITE statementFunctionSyntaxRemark
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A p p E N o x ANumeric Consideratio
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And -531 decimal equals two's compl
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Increasing SignificanceWord '-1 S-I
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A p p E N D x BEvent TrappingTurbo
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DispHelpText:oldcsrx = POS(O) : old
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A p p E N o x cAssembly Language In
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The CALL INTERRUPT StatementThe CAL
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As an example, function FNFreeSpace
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4,5: Number of elements in the arra
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INLINE Assembly ExampleSuppose you
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A p p E N D x DComparing Turbo Basi
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MOTORThe cassette port has not prov
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Structured StatementsIn an enhancem
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Compiler ImplementationCompiler imp
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A p p E N D x EError MessagesThere
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• Trying to perform invalid mathe
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62 Input past endYou tried to read
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403 $IF nesting overflow·Condition
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428 Numeric scalar variable expecte
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453 Undefined name constantYou used
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476 CLEAR parameter error - use MEM
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499 Destination file write errorWhi
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A p p E N D x FReference MaterialsT
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Extended Key CodesExtended key code
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Table F-3 Keyboard Scan CodesKey Sc
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A p p E N D x GA DOS PrimerIf you a
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There's one thing you need to remem
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"Where Am If The $p $g PromptYou pr
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• To move to the root directory:
Page 456 and 457:
A p p E N o x HSummary of Functions
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Error HandlingERADRERDEV/ERRDEV$ERL
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GraphicsCIRCLEDRAWLINEPAINTPEEKPEN
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Metastatements$COM$DYNAMIC$EVENT$IF
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ScreenCLSCOLORCOLORCSRLINLOCATEPOSS
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A p p E N D x ICustomizing Turho Ba
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Once you press Enter to modify a ke
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Color Display ModeTurbo Basic will
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Index457
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CHR$ function, 148and ASC, 131and P
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GGET statement (files), 106, 108, 1
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ON COM(n) statement, 270ON ERROR st
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Statements, 59-60Static arrays, 76a
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BorlandSoftwareINTERNATIONAL 4585 S
Page 484 and 485:
The Organizer For The Computer Age!
Page 486 and 487:
1 : 'rl'~ _AIASEIThe high-performan
Page 488 and 489:
If you use an IBM® PC, you needT U
Page 490 and 491:
Version 3.0 with 8081 support and B
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nIRBO PASCAl.DATARJlSE100tsox®Is T
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mRBOPASCAl..EDJ2OR 2t:ol,BOX®It's
Page 496 and 497:
GAM.EWo.Rrcs®~.2VR80,PASCA£' ,Sec
Page 498 and 499:
"'" ",,,,,D.-Enhances Turbo Prolog
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Includes treeMicroCalc spreadsheetw
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l,rIIEl; 111 IA1AIA"~rj • • AIA
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BorlandSoftwareOBDBll fODAY_______j
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YOUNprobably know us for our Turbo
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